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First author, year | Study design | Country | Sample size | HG definition | Detection method of H. pylori | Gestational age when included in the study | Sources of pregnant women |
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Frigo, 1998 [16] | Case-control | Austria | 234 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by FEI | — | — |
|
Perez-Perez, 1999 [18] | Case-control | USA | 89 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum cagA by ELISA | — | — |
|
Koćak, 1999 [17] | Case-control | Turkey | 211 | Vomiting >3 times/day ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by FEI | 7–16 weeks | 141 Primigravida 70 Multigravida |
|
Hayakawa, 2000 [19] | Case-control | Japan | 63 | Nausea and vomiting in first trimester | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | The first trimester | — |
|
Sahin, 2000 [20] | Case-control | Turkey | 120 | Prolonged severe vomiting dehydration weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | — | — |
|
Reymunde, 2001 [21] | Case-control | Puerto Rico | 89 | Daily nausea and vomiting in gestation weeks 6–16 | Serum IgG antibodies not specified | 6–16 weeks | — |
|
Kazerooni, 2002 [24] | Case-control | Iran | 107 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 7–16 weeks | 62 Primigravida 45 Multigravida |
|
Bagis, 2002 [23] | Case-control | Turkey | 30 | Severe HG in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy | Endoscopy with biopsy + histological examination | 16 weeks | — |
|
Erdem, 2002 [22] | Case-control | Turkey | 86 | Vomiting >4 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | — | — |
|
Berker, 2003 [27] | Case-control | Turkey | 240 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 10–14 weeks | 55 Primigravida 105 Multigravida |
|
Jacobson, 2003 [26] | Case-control | Canada | 206 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 7–19 weeks | — |
|
Salimi-Khayati, 2003 [25] | Case-control | Iran | 108 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 6–16 weeks | 93 Primigravida 15 Multigravida |
|
Karaca, 2004 [31] | Case-control | Turkey | 146 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by FEI | — | — |
|
Cevrioglu, 2004 [30] | Case-control | Turkey | 124 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | The first 16 weeks | — |
|
Xia, 2004 [29] | Case-control | China | 172 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum specific IgG antibodies and CagA by ELISA | 7–16 weeks | 172 Multigravida |
|
Jamal, 2004 [28] | Case-control | Iran | 94 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 7–16 weeks | 49 Primigravida 45 Multigravida |
|
Lee, 2005 [32] | Cross-sectional | USA | 82 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | — | — |
|
Karadeniz, 2006 [34] | Case-control | Turkey | 60 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 8–14 weeks | — |
|
Özcimen, 2006 [33] | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 140 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | — | — |
|
Tuncel, 2006 [35] | Case-control | Turkey | 138 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | — | — |
|
Hatziveis, 2007 [38] | Case-control | Greece | 110 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 8–14 weeks | 39 Primigravida 71 Multigravida |
|
Güney, 2007 [37] | Case-control | Turkey | 60 | Vomiting >4 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria
| Serum IgG antibodies not specified | 7–12 weeks | — |
|
Aytac, 2007 [36] | Case-control | Turkey | 107 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria | Stool antigen by ELISA | 8–13 weeks | — |
|
Sandven, 2008 [39] | Case-control | Norway | 488 | ICD-9 Code 643.1 | Serum IgG antibodies by EIA | | |
|
Mansour, 2009 [40] | Case-control | Egypt | 100 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 10–16 weeks | 67 Primigravida 33 Multigravida |
|
Guven, 2011 [5] | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 80 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% ketonuria dehydration | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 7–12 weeks | — |
|
Mansour, 2011 [4] | Case-control | Egypt | 160 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | 10–16 weeks | — |
|
Bezircioğlu, 2011 [3] | Case-control | Turkey | 72 | Vomiting >4 times/day weight loss ≥3 kg ketonuria | Stool antigen by ELISA | 10–14 weeks | — |
|
Epstein, 2012 [41] | Case-control | USA | 82 | Met the diagnosis of hyperemesis | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | — | — |
|
Vikanes, 2013 [43] | Case-control | Norway | 170 | Long-lasting nausea and vomiting, weight loss, electrolyte disturbances | Serum IgG antibodies and CagA and VacA by EIA | 17th and 22nd | — |
|
Güngören, 2013 [42] | Case-control | Turkey | 140 | Vomiting 3 times/day weight loss ketone | Serum IgG antibodies by ELISA | Below the 20th week | — |
|
Shaban, 2014 [6] | Case-control | Egypt | 100 | Vomiting >3 times/day weight loss >5% or 3 kg ketonuria | Serum IgG antibodies by membrane-based immunoassay | 5–12 weeks | 36 Primigravida 64 Multigravida |
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