First author (year) Country Design Period Target population Number of total patients PVT number (%) Amitrano (2012) [13 ] Italy Prospective cohort study (full-text) 2010.1–2011.7 LC with acute EVB vasoactive therapy, antibiotics, and EVL 185 32 (17%) Attili (2012) [14 ] Italy Prospective longitudinal study (abstract) 2000.2–2005.7 LC without HCC 129 25 (19%) Chen (2012) [15 ] Taiwan Retrospective study (full-text) 2005.7–2009.12 LC with acute EVB treated with somatostatin, antibiotics, and EVL 101 25 (25%) D’Amico (2003) [16 ] Italy Multicenter, prospective, cohort study (full-text) 1997.10–1998.1* LC with hematemesis and/or melena (treatments include vasoactive drugs, endoscopic therapy, combination of endoscopic and vasoactive therapy, balloon tamponade alone, or none) 291* 37 (13%)* Doumit (2009) [17 ] Canada NA (abstract) 2002 LC who underwent portal vein Doppler US and who had no preexisting HCC, TIPS, or surgical shunt in situ or prior to LT 398 44 (11%) Ferreira (2010) [18 ] Portugal Case-control study (abstract) NA Case group: consecutive LC with non-HCC PVT;control group: decompensated LC matched for Child-Pugh and MELD scores, age, and etiology of LCCase group: ; Control group: Hung (2012) [19 ] Taiwan RCT (full-text) 2007.4–2011.3 LC with acute GVB after primary hemostasis using gastric variceal obturation therapy (randomized to repeated gastric variceal obturation alone or in combination with nonselective β -blockers) 95 13 (14%) Lee (2010) [20 ] Taiwan Retrospective study (full-text) 2005.12–2008.2 LC after the cessation of acute EVB 97 19 (20%) Orloff (1997) [21 ] USA Prospective cohort study (full-text) 1958–1991 LC with acutely bleeding esophagogastric varices or a previous episode of bleeding esophagogastric varices treated with emergency or elective portacaval shunt 1300 85 (7%) Perarnau (2010) [22 ] France Retrospective study (full-text) 1990–2004 LC undergoing TIPS for emergency bleeding hemostasis or rebleeding prevention 273 27 (10%) Sarfeh (1979) [23 ] USA Retrospective study (full-text) 1972–1978 Biopsy-proved LC treated with portal decompression surgery for active or previous variceal hemorrhage 86 18 (21%) Windle (1975) [24 ] UK Retrospective study (full-text) 1950–1957 Patients who underwent end-to-side anastomosis of the portal vein to the inferior vena cava for portal hypertension secondary to intrahepatic disease 57 10 (17.5%) Wu (2002) [25 ] Taiwan Retrospective study (full-text) 1992.11–1998.10 LC with acute GVB treated with endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection 83 15 (18%)