The Immunological Basis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 1

Main cytokines of the innate immune response, cells that produce them, and the principle actions.

Cytokines	Types of cells	Main functions in IBD
IL-1	Monocytes; Epithelial cells; Macrophages; Endothelial cells	Activating T cells to produce IL-8 and IL-6; Development of IBD [47–49]
IL-6	Macrophages; Endothelial cells; Fibroblasts	Playing a key role in the differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells, in balance with some factors, such as TGF-β [26, 27, 49]
IL-12	Macrophages; Dendritic cells	Promoting the differentiation of Th1 cells [61]
IL-23	Macrophages	Stimulating the production of IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-6 [61]
TNF-α	Macrophages; Dendritic cells; Endothelial cells	Acting on Th2 surface receptor promoting the proliferation of this cell type [49]; Inhibiting Treg cells [52–54]