Cross-Talk between Gut Microbiota and Heart via the Routes of Metabolite and Immunity

Table 2

Summary of the human randomized controlled trials analyzing the effect of probiotic supplementation on CVD.

Authors	Aim	Population	Main findings	Duration
Karlsson et al. [56]	To clarify the effect of L. plantarum(DSM 9843) on intestinal microbiota in patients with cardiovascular disease	16 males with atherosclerotic plaque	Increased bacterial diversity and decreased concentration of isovaleric acid and valeric acid	4 weeks
Matsumoto et al. [57]	To investigate the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LKM512 on colonic TMA and atherosclerosis-related makers in healthy subjects	27 healthy adults	Reduced fecal TMA concentration and BMI	12 weeks
Tripolt et al. [59]	To investigate the impact of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on the formation of TMAO in subjects with metabolic syndrome	30 subjects with metabolic syndrome	Not affecting levels of TMAO	12 weeks
Boutagy et al. [60]	To investigate whether multistrain probiotic VSL#3 would attenuate the increase in fasting plasma concentrations of TMAO following a high-fat diet	Nonobese males	Not affecting levels of TMAO	2 weeks