Prevalence and Predictors of Silent Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Hypertension

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of the silent-GERD group and non-GERD controls.

Characteristics	Silent GERD ()	Controls ()	/ value	value
Age (mean ± SD), years	64.7 ± 11.2	63.9 ± 10.1	0.184	0.669
Male, (%)	36 (54.5)	151 (50.7)	0.325	0.569
Education level
≥12, years	8 (12.1)	71 (23.8)	4.356	0.037
<12, years	58 (87.9)	227 (76.2)
Smoking, (%)	20 (30.3)	81 (27.2)	0.263	0.608
Alcohol drinking, (%)	11 (16.7)	44 (14.8)	0.152	0.696
Height (mean ± SD), cm	164.6 ± 8.4	164.0 ± 8.7	1.369	0.243
Weight (mean ± SD), kg	68.1 ± 11.7	166.8 ± 12.0	0.663	0.416
BMI (mean ± SD), kg/m^2	24.8 ± 3.4	24.2 ± 3.6	0.572	0.450
Waist circumference (mean ± SD), cm	87.1 ± 10.8	85.1 ± 9.6	4.398	0.034^❖
Family history of hypertension	19 (28.8)	91 (30.5)	0.078	0.779
Classification of hypertension
Grade 1, (%)	9 (14)	47 (16)	0.189	0.664
Grade 2, (%)	20 (30)	90 (30)	0.000	0.987
Grade 3, (%)	21 (32)	83 (28)	0.416	0.519
Others, (%)	16 (24)	78 (26)	0.105	0.746
Complications of hypertension
Dyslipidemia, (%)	28 (42.4)	121 (40.6)	0.074	0.786
DM, (%)	18 (27.3)	57 (19.1)	2.191	0.139
CAD, (%)	15 (22.7)	77 (25.8)	0.277	0.599
Stroke, (%)	5 (7.6)	24 (8.1)	0.017	0.897
Chronic renal dysfunction, (%)	3 (4.5)	11 (3.7)	0.000	1.000
Controlled hypertension, (%)	9 (15.8)	78 (26.2)	6.285	0.012

BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease. was selected as a significant level; compared with the control group.