Bile Duct Leaks from the Intrahepatic Biliary Tree: A Review of Its Etiology, Incidence, and Management

Table 4

Management of Excluded segment (Nagano Type D) Bile leaks.

Number	Author	Diagnosis	𝑁=	Number of resections/surgery	Management
(1)	Lo et al. [9]	Benign and malignant	2	347	Surgery
(2)	Nagano et al. [10]	Malignant	1	313	Surgery
(3)	Honoré et al. [54]	Malignant and benign	3	2409	Surgery
(4)	Yamashita et al. [7]		6	781	1 spontaneous closure with prolonged drainage and atrophy; 3 Ethanol injection; 1 balloon catheter occlusion
(5)	Tanaka et al. [8]	Malignant	2	363	Ethanol injection
(6)	Skroubis et al. [18]	Benign (all hydatid cysts)	1	187	Surgery
(7)	Kyokane et al. [55]	Malignant	1	—	Portal vein embolisation
(8)	Yamakado et al. [56]	Malignant	1	—	Portal vein embolisation