Effects of a Preconditioning Oral Nutritional Supplement on Pig Livers after Warm Ischemia

Figure 1

Experimental design. pONS (70 g in 250 mL tap water) was given to overnight-fasted German Landrace pigs 24, 12, and 2 hrs before warm ischemia of the liver. A fourth dose was given 3 hrs after reperfusion. Controls were given the same amount of cellulose. Two hrs after administration of the third dose, both the portal vein and the hepatic artery were clamped for 40 min. After reperfusion, hemodynamic parameters, bile production, and transaminases were measured serially. Liver tissue was taken 8 hrs after reperfusion for histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (TNF-a, myeloperoxidasby the Mann-Whitney rank sume, cleaved caspase-3) as described in Materials and Methods. pONS: preconditioning oral nutritional supplement; hrs: hours; min: minutes; PR: pulse rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; CVP: central venous pressure; PVF: portal venous flow; HAF: hepatic artery flow; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.