Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 749432, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/749432
Research Article

Pretreatment with Pancaspase Inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) Delays but Does Not Prevent Intraperitoneal Heat-Killed Group B Streptococcus-Induced Preterm Delivery in a Pregnant Mouse Model

1Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
2Ahmanson Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
3Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Evanston, IL, USA
4Medical Division, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10017-5755, USA
5NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
6Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

Received 18 June 2009; Accepted 3 October 2009

Academic Editor: Louise Hafner

Copyright © 2009 Ozlem Equils et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. W. Moss, G. L. Darmstadt, D. R. Marsh, R. E. Black, and M. Santosham, “Research priorities for the reduction of perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing country communities,” Journal of Perinatology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 484–495, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  2. UN General Assembly 5s, “Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium declaration: report of the Secretary General,” UN Document no. A756/326. New York, NY, USA: United Nations, 2001.
  3. J. E. Lawn, S. Cousens, and J. Zupan, “4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why?” The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9462, pp. 891–900, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  4. W. M. Callaghan, M. F. MacDorman, S. A. Rasmussen, C. Qin, and E. M. Lackritz, “The contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States,” Pediatrics, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1566–1573, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  5. R. B. Russell, N. S. Green, C. A. Steiner, et al., “Cost of hospitalization for preterm and low birth weight infants in the United States,” Pediatrics, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. e1–e9, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  6. R. F. Lamont, “Looking to the future,” BJOG, vol. 110, no. 20, pp. 131–135, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  7. R. L. Goldenberg, J. C. Hauth, and W. W. Andrews, “Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 20, pp. 1500–1507, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  8. R. Romero, J. Espinoza, L. F. Goncalves, J. P. Kusanovic, L. Friel, and S. Hassan, “The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth,” Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 21–39, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  9. G. C. Ulett, K. H. Maclean, S. Nekkalapu, J. L. Cleveland, and E. E. Adderson, “Mechanisms of group B streptococcal-induced apoptosis of murine macrophages,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 175, no. 4, pp. 2555–2562, 2005. View at Scopus
  10. L.-Y. Gao and Y. Abu Kwaik, “Hijacking of apoptotic pathways by bacterial pathogens,” Microbes and Infection, vol. 2, no. 14, pp. 1705–1719, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  11. D. L. Rivera, S. M. Olister, X. Liu, et al., “Interleukin-10 attenuates experimental fetal growth restriction and demise,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 189–197, 1998. View at Scopus
  12. K. Ejima, T. Koji, D. Tsuruta, H. Nanri, M. Kashimura, and M. Ikeda, “Induction of apoptosis in placentas of pregnant mice exposed to lipopolysaccharides: possible involvement of Fas/Fas ligand system,” Biology of Reproduction, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 178–185, 2000. View at Scopus
  13. A. P. Murtha, R. Auten, and W. N. P. Herbert, “Apoptosis in the chorion laeve of term patients with histologic chorioamnionitis,” Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 93–96, 2002. View at Scopus
  14. D. R. Balkundi, J. A. Ziegler, J. F. Watchko, C. Craven, and M. Trucco, “Regulation of FasL/Fas in human trophoblasts: possible implications for chorioamnionitis,” Biology of Reproduction, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 718–724, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  15. K. Asagiri, M. Nakatsuka, H. Konishi, et al., “Involvement of peroxynitrite in LPS-induced apoptosis of trophoblasts,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 49–55, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  16. V. M. Abrahams, P. Bole-Aldo, Y. M. Kim, et al., “Divergent trophoblast responses to bacterial products mediated by TLRs,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 173, no. 7, pp. 4286–4296, 2004. View at Scopus
  17. O. Equils, D. Lu, M. Gatter, et al., “Chlamydia heat shock protein 60 induces trophoblast apoptosis through TLR4,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 1257–1263, 2006.
  18. R. Runić, C. J. Lockwood, L. Lachapelle, et al., “Apoptosis and Fas expression in human fetal membranes,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 660–666, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  19. S. Sagol, O. Sagol, S. Ozkal, and U. Asena, “Role of apoptosis, bcl-2 and bax protein expression in premature rupture of fetal membranes,” Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 809–815, 2002. View at Scopus
  20. H. M. Tanir, T. Sener, S. Artan, B. Kaytaz, F. Sahin-Mutlu, and M. E. Ozen, “Programmed cell death (apoptosis) in placentas from normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by term (t) and preterm (p) premature rupture of membranes (PROM),” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 273, no. 2, pp. 98–103, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  21. R. A. Dombroski, D. S. Woodard, M. J. K. Harper, and R. S. Gibbs, “A rabbit model for bacteria-induced preterm pregnancy loss,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 163, no. 6, part 1, pp. 1938–1943, 1990.
  22. C. Kakinuma, C. Kuwayama, N. Kaga, Y. Futamura, Y. Katsuki, and Y. Shibutani, “Trophoblastic apoptosis in mice with preterm delivery and its suppression by urinary trypsin inhibitor,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 117–124, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  23. S. J. Fortunato, R. Menon, C. Bryant, and S. J. Lombardi, “Programmed cell death (apoptosis) as a possible pathway to metalloproteinase activation and fetal membrane degradation in premature rupture of membranes,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 182, no. 6, pp. 1468–1476, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  24. C. Baker and M. Edwards, “Group B streptococcal infections,” in Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, J. Remington and J. Klein, Eds., pp. 742–811, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1990.
  25. E. Hirsch, I. Saotome, and D. Hirsh, “A model of intrauterine infection and preterm delivery in mice,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 172, no. 5, pp. 1598–1603, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  26. K. Fettucciari, I. Fetriconi, R. Mannucci, et al., “Group B Streptococcus induces macrophage apoptosis by calpain activation,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 176, no. 12, pp. 7542–7556, 2006. View at Scopus
  27. S. C. Smith, P. N. Baker, and E. M. Symonds, “Placental apoptosis in normal human pregnancy,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 57–65, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  28. S. C. Smith, T. N. Leung, K. F. To, and P. N. Baker, “Apoptosis is a rare event in first-trimester placental tissue,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 183, no. 3, pp. 697–699, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  29. H. Lei, E. E. Furth, R. Kalluri, et al., “A program of cell death and extracellular matrix degradation is activated in the amnion before the onset of labor,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 1971–1978, 1996.
  30. A. D. Allaire, K. A. Ballenger, S. R. Wells, M. J. McMahon, and B. A. Lessey, “Placental apoptosis in preeclampsia,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 271–276, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  31. S. C. Smith, P. N. Baker, and E. M. Symonds, “Increased placental apoptosis in intrauterine growth restriction,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 177, no. 6, pp. 1395–1401, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  32. S. Kumar, “Caspase function in programmed cell death,” Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 32–43, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  33. P. K. M. Kim, Y.-G. Kwon, H.-T. Chung, and Y.-M. Kim, “Regulation of caspases by nitric oxide,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 962, pp. 42–52, 2002.
  34. P. C. Rath and B. B. Aggarwal, “TNF-induced signaling in apoptosis,” Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 350–364, 1999.
  35. R. Arya, M. Mallik, and S. C. Lakhotia, “Heat shock genes—integrating cell survival and death,” Journal of Biosciences, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 595–610, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  36. K. Ruckdeschel, O. Mannel, and P. Schrottner, “Divergence of apoptosis-inducing and preventing signals in bacteria-faced macrophages through myeloid differentiation factor 88 and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase members,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 168, no. 9, pp. 4601–4611, 2002. View at Scopus
  37. A. O. Aliprantis, R.-B. Yang, M. R. Mark, et al., “Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through Toll- like receptor-2,” Science, vol. 285, no. 5428, pp. 736–739, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  38. A. O. Aliprantis, R.-B. Yang, D. S. Weiss, P. Godowski, and A. Zychlinsky, “The apoptotic signaling pathway activated by Toll-like receptor-2,” EMBO Journal, vol. 19, no. 13, pp. 3325–3336, 2000. View at Scopus
  39. H. Hacker, C. Furmann, H. Wagner, and G. Hacker, “Caspase-9/-3 activation and apoptosis are induced in mouse macrophages upon ingestion and digestion of Escherichia coli bacteria,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. 6, pp. 3172–3179, 2002. View at Scopus
  40. I. Rodriguez, K. Matsuura, C. Ody, S. Nagata, and P. Vassalli, “Systemic injection of a tripeptide inhibits the intracellular activation of CPP32-like proteases in vivo and fully protects mice against Fas-mediated fulminant liver destruction and death,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 184, no. 5, pp. 2067–2072, 1996. View at Scopus
  41. D. H. Dockrell, H. M. Marriott, L. R. Prince, et al., “Alveolar macrophage apoptosis contributes to pneumococcal clearance in a resolving model of pulmonary infection,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 171, no. 10, pp. 5380–5388, 2003.
  42. R. S. Hotchkiss, K. W. Tinsley, P. E. Swanson, et al., “Prevention of lymphocyte cell death in sepsis improves survival in mice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 25, pp. 14541–14546, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  43. G. Kroemer and S. J. Martin, “Caspase-independent cell death,” Nature Medicine, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 725–730, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  44. E. Carafoli and M. Molinari, “Calpain: a protease in search of a function?” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 247, no. 2, pp. 193–203, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  45. J. S. Evans and M. D. Turner, “Emerging functions of the calpain superfamily of cysteine proteases in neuroendocrine secretory pathways,” Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 849–859, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  46. V. F. Thompson, S. Saldaa, J. Cong, D. M. Luedke, and D. E. Goll, “The calpain system in human placenta,” Life Sciences, vol. 70, no. 21, pp. 2493–2508, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  47. C. Nicola, A. V. Timoshenko, S. J. Dixon, P. K. Lala, and C. Chakraborty, “EP1 receptor-mediated migration of the first trimester human extravillous trophoblast: the role of intracellular calcium and calpain,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 4736–4746, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  48. V. Blank, E. Hirsch, J. R. G. Challis, R. Romero, and S. J. Lye, “Cytokine signaling, inflammation, innate immunity and Preterm Labour—a workshop report,” Placenta, vol. 29, supplement A, pp. S102–S104, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  49. R. Gomez, R. Romero, S. S. Edwin, and C. David, “Pathogenesis of preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes associated with intraamniotic infection,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 135–176, 1997. View at Scopus
  50. R. Menon and S. J. Fortunato, “The role of matrix degrading enzymes and apoptosis in rupture of membranes,” Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 427–437, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus