Modern Contraceptive and Dual Method Use among HIV-Infected Women in Lusaka, Zambia

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of HIV-infected women aged 16–50 years receiving antiretroviral treatment at 16 public-sector clinics in Lusaka, Zambia (November 2009–November 2010).

	Women with documented RH counseling		Women with no documented RH counseling visit		P-value
	N	Value	N	Value
Age at 1st visit (years), median (IQR)	18,407	34.6 (29.9–39.7)	14,591	34.7 (29.5–40.9)	<0.001^++
16–24	1,246	6.8%	1,263	8.7%	<0.001**
25–34	8,362	45.4%	6,232	42.7%
≥35	8,799	47.8%	7,096	48.6%
Marital status	14,180		11,135
Married	8,523	60.1%	6,570	59.0%	0.076**
Single/divorced/widowed	5,657	39.9%	4,565	41.0%
Education	16,910		13,441
None	4,677	27.7%	3,785	28.2%	0.016**
Primary	5,603	33.1%	4,246	31.6%
Secondary or more	6,630	39.2%	5,410	40.2%
Number of living children, median (IQR)	14,385	2 (1–3)	11,373	2 (1–3)	0.061^++
0	1,806	12.6%	1,505	13.2%	0.106**
≥1	12,579	87.4%	9,868	86.8%
Monthly income	12,243		9,400
<ZMK 200,000	4,532	37.0%	3,864	41.1%	<0.001**
≥ZMK 200,000	7,711	63.0%	5,536	58.9%
CD4^+ cell count (cells/uL), median (IQR)	18,231	394 (256–558)	14,419	357 (228–522)	<0.001^++
<250	4,361	23.9%	4,187	29.0%	<0.001**
250–350	3,338	18.3%	2,819	19.6%
≥351	10,532	57.8%	7,413	51.4%
Hemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR)	18,175	12.4 (11.3–13.4)	14,248	12.2 (11.0–13.1)	<0.001^++
≤8.0	363	2.0%	482	3.4%	<0.001**
8.1–9.9	1,365	7.5%	1,276	9.0%
≥10.0	16,447	90.5%	12,490	87.7%
History or current tuberculosis	18,407		14,591
Yes	3,441	18.7%	2,771	19.0%	0.493**
No	14,966	81.3%	11,820	81.0%
Time on ART (days), median (IQR)	18,407	709 (262–1,302)	14,591	659 (245–1,180)	<0.001^++
HIV status disclosure to partner	18,407		14,591
Yes	7,823	42.5%	6,026	41.3%	0.028**
Unknown	10,584	57.5%	8,565	58.7%
Partner’s HIV status	18,407		14,591
Negative	621	3.4%	456	3.1%	<0.001**
Positive	3,598	19.5%	2,599	17.8%
Unknown	5,332	29.0%	4,362	29.9%
Missing	8,856	48.1%	7,174	49.2%

RH: reproductive health; IQR: interquartile range; ZMK: Zambian Kwacha; ART: antiretroviral therapy.
**Person’s chi-square test; ⁺⁺Wilcoxon rank sum test.