| | Women using modern contraception | Women not using modern contraception | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | | N = 11,358 | N = 7,049 |
| | Age at 1st visit (years) | | | | | | 16–24 | 736 (6.5%) | 510 (7.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 25–34 | 5,747 (50.6%) | 2,615 (37.1%) | 1.52 (1.35–1.72) | 1.05 (0.87–1.25) | | ≥35 | 4,875 (42.9%) | 3,924 (55.7%) | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.63 (0.52–0.77) |
| | Marital status | | | | | | Married | 6,503 (72.9%) | 2,020 (38.4%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Single/divorced/widowed | 2,414 (27.1%) | 3,243 (61.6%) | 0.23 (0.22–0.25) | 0.30 (0.27–0.34) |
| | Education | | | | | | None | 2,862 (27.4%) | 1,815 (28.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Primary | 3,493 (33.4%) | 2,110 (32.7%) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.13 (0.99–1.28) | | Secondary or more | 4,108 (39.3%) | 2,522 (39.1%) | 1.03 (0.96–1.12) | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) |
| | Number of living children | | | | | | 0 | 1,041 (11.6%) | 765 (14.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | ≥1 | 7,947 (88.4%) | 4,632 (85.8%) | 1.26 (1.14–1.39) | 1.47 (1.21–1.78) |
| | Monthly income | | | | | | <ZMK 200,000 | 2,709 (35.9%) | 1,823 (38.8%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | ≥ZMK 200,000 | 4,835 (64.1%) | 2,874 (61.2%) | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
| | CD4+ cell count (cells/uL) | | | | | | <250 | 2,473 (22.0%) | 1,887 (27.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 250–350 | 2,042 (18.1%) | 1,295 (18.6%) | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | | ≥351 | 6,746 (59.9%) | 3,784 (54.3%) | 1.36 (1.27–1.46) | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) |
| | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | | | | | | ≤8.0 | 168 (1.5%) | 195 (2.8%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 8.1–9.9 | 710 (6.3%) | 655 (9.4%) | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 1.56 (1.24–1.97) | | ≥10.0 | 10,355 (92.2%) | 6,090 (87.8%) | 1.97 (1.60–2.43) | 2.16 (1.72–2.71) |
| | History or current tuberculosis | | | | | | Yes | 1,999 (17.6%) | 1,442 (20.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 9,359 (82.4%) | 5,607 (79.5%) | 1.20 (1.12–1.30) | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) |
| | HIV status disclosure to partner | | | | | | Yes | 5,985 (52.7%) | 1,838 (26.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Unknown | 5,373 (47.3%) | 5,211 (73.9%) | 0.32 (0.30–0.34) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) |
| | Partner’s HIV status | | | | | | Negative | 476 (4.2%) | 145 (2.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Positive | 2,700 (23.8%) | 898 (12.7%) | 0.92 (0.75–1.12) | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | | Unknown | 3,357 (29.6%) | 1,975 (28.0%) | 0.52 (0.43–0.63) | 0.75 (0.56–0.99) | | Missing | 4,825 (42.5%) | 4,031 (57.2%) | 0.36 (0.30–0.44) | 0.66 (0.48–0.89) |
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