| | Women using dual methods | Women not using dual methods | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | | N = 2,247 | N = 9,111 |
| | Age at 1st visit (years) | | | | | | 16–24 | 170 (7.6%) | 566 (6.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 25–34 | 1,269 (56.5%) | 4,478 (49.1%) | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | 0.80 (0.62–1.04) | | ≥35 | 808 (36.0%) | 4,067 (44.6%) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 0.51 (0.41–0.63) |
| | Marital status | | | | | | Married | 1,407 (77.9%) | 5,096 (71.7%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Single/divorced/widowed | 400 (22.1%) | 2,014 (28.3%) | 0.72 (0.64–0.81) | 0.75 (0.66–0.86) |
| | Education | | | | | | None | 562 (27.0%) | 2,300 (27.4%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Primary | 692 (33.2%) | 2,801 (33.4%) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | | Secondary or more | 830 (39.8%) | 3,278 (39.1%) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) |
| | Number of living children | | | | | | 0 | 154 (8.4%) | 887 (12.4%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | ≥1 | 1,685 (91.6%) | 6,262 (87.6%) | 1.55 (1.30–1.85) | 2.07 (1.59–2.70) |
| | Monthly income | | | | | | <ZMK 200,000 | 538 (35.0%) | 2,171 (36.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | ≥ZMK 200,000 | 999 (65.0%) | 3,836 (63.9%) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 0.93 (0.82–1.07) |
| | CD4+ cell count (cells/uL) | | | | | | <250 | 438 (19.7%) | 2,035 (22.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 250–350 | 394 (17.7%) | 1,648 (18.2%) | 1.11 (0.96–1.29) | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | | ≥351 | 1,397 (62.7%) | 5,349 (59.2%) | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | 1.25 (1.09–1.45) |
| | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | | | | | | ≤8.0 | 28 (1.3%) | 140 (1.6%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 8.1–9.9 | 120 (5.4%) | 590 (6.5%) | 1.02 (0.65–1.60) | 1.01 (0.51–2.02) | | ≥10.0 | 2,076 (93.3%) | 8,279 (91.9%) | 1.25 (0.83–1.89) | 1.31 (0.80–2.16) |
| | History or current tuberculosis | | | | | | Yes | 333 (14.8%) | 1,666 (18.3%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 1,914 (85.2%) | 7,445 (81.7%) | 1.29 (1.13–1.46) | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) |
| | HIV status disclosure to partner | | | | | | Yes | 1,291 (57.5%) | 4,694 (51.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Unknown | 956 (42.5%) | 4,417 (48.5%) | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) |
| | Partner’s HIV status | | | | | | Negative | 102 (4.5%) | 374 (4.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Positive | 564 (25.1%) | 2,136 (23.4%) | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | | Unknown | 721 (32.1%) | 2,636 (28.9%) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) | | Missing | 860 (38.3%) | 3,965 (43.5%) | 0.80 (0.63–1.00) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) |
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