Bacterial Vaginosis and the Natural History of Human Papillomavirus
Table 1
Characteristics of 756 HIV-infected and 380 HIV-uninfected women at enrollment to HERS.
Characteristic
HIV-infected (%)
HIV-uninfected (%)
value
HIV risk category
Injection drug user
391 (51.7)
184 (48.4)
0.29
High sexual risk
365 (48.3)
196 (51.6)
Age
<24
53 (7.0)
38 (10.0)
0.27
25–34
351 (46.4)
173 (45.5)
35–44
310 (41.0)
144 (37.9)
45+
42 (5.6)
25 (6.6)
Race/ethnicity
African American
457 (60.5)
200 (52.6)
<0.01
Caucasian
155 (20.5)
117 (30.8)
Hispanic
135 (17.9)
59 (15.5)
Native American or Asian
9 (1.2)
4 (1.1)
Education
<H.S.
342 (45.4)
141 (37.3)
0.01
H.S.
249 (33.0)
130 (34.4)
>H.S.
163 (21.6)
107 (28.3)
Number of live births
0
126 (16.7)
79 (20.8)
0.22
1
171 (22.6)
78 (20.5)
≥2
459 (60.7)
223 (58.7)
Number of male sex partners in past 6 months
0
187 (24.9)
56 (14.9)
<0.01
1
423 (56.3)
187 (49.7)
≥2
141 (18.8)
133 (35.4)
Lower genital tract infections
Bacterial vaginosis
361 (47.8)
164 (43.2)
0.14
Vaginal Candida colonization
273 (36.2)
82 (21.6)
<0.01
Trichomonas vaginalis
96 (12.8)
40 (10.6)
0.29
Chlamydia trachomatis
8 (1.4)
5 (1.6)
0.98
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
6 (0.8)
1 (0.3)
0.28
Herpes simplex virus-2 antibodies
491 (66.7)
207 (56.0)
<0.01
Genital ulcers
60 (7.9)
16 (4.2)
0.02
Human papillomavirus
Generic probe positive
482 (63.7)
109 (28.7)
<0.01
Untypeable
98 (20.3*)
33 (30.3*)
0.02
1 type
204 (42.3*)
56 (51.4*)
<0.01
2 types
96 (19.9*)
13 (11.9*)
≥3 types
84 (17.4*)
7 (6.4*)
Hepatitis C
443 (59.0)
178 (47.3)
<0.01
Recent crack cocaine or injection drug use
285 (37.7)
166 (43.7)
0.05
Cigarette smoker
566 (74.9)
294 (77.4)
0.35
HIV disease progression
CD4+ lymphocyte count (cells/L)
n/a
<200
130 (17.3)
200–499
378 (50.3)
≥500
243 (32.4)
HIV RNA load (copies/mL)
n/a
≥10,000
143 (19.3)
3,000–<10,000
124 (16.8)
500–<3,000
287 (38.8)
<500
186 (25.1)
Antiretroviral therapy
n/a
None
500 (66.1)
Sub-HAART†
256 (33.9)
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; RNA: ribonucleic acid. (%) = number of subjects and percent of HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected cohort.
*Percent of those who were generic probe positive. †Sub-HAART was defined as self-reported use of any antiretroviral(s) that combined do not qualify as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) according to the Department of Health and Human Services guidelines [26].
