Association of Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection with Male Circumcision in Young Men: Results from a Longitudinal Study Conducted in Orange Farm (South Africa)
Table 2
Intention-to-treat (ITT) and As-treated (AT) Poisson Mean Ratios (PMRs) of the number of low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes among the 1753 participants.
Number of participants (LR-HPV infected)
Mean of LR-HPV genotypes
PMR (95% CI)
ITT aPMR (1) (95% CI)
AT aPMR (1) (95% CI)
Circumcision status
Randomization group Control Intervention
863 (136) 890 (76)
0.33 0.18
1 0.53 (0.44–0.64)
1 0.54 (0.44–0.66)
not applicable
Circumcision status Uncircumcised Circumcised
855 (136) 898 (76)
0.35 0.16
1 0.45 (0.37–0.55)
not applicable
1 0.46 (0.37–0.56)
Background characteristics
Ethnic group Sotho Zulu Other
941 (116) 538 (66) 274 (30)
0.24 0.27 0.26
1 1.12 (0.91–1.37) 1.05 (0.80–1.37)
1 1.05 (0.86–1.30) 1.00 (0.76–1.30)
1 1.04 (0.84–1.28) 1.06 (0.81–1.39)
Age Under 21 21 and older
831 (82) 922 (130)
0.20 0.30
1 1.53 (1.26–1.85)
1 1.08 (0.88–1.32)
1 1.10 (0.90–1.35)
Primary level of education Uncompleted Completed
28 (6) 1725 (206)
0.54 0.25
1 0.47 (0.28–0.78)
1 0.50 (0.30–0.84)
1 0.48 (0.29–0.81)
Reported sexual behaviour
Number of lifetime sexual partners two or less more than two
586 (49) 1167 (163)
0.14 0.31
1 2.24 (1.76–2.84)
1 1.68 (1.30–2.16)
1 1.69 (1.31–2.18)
Condom use in the past 12 months(2) Inconsistent Consistent
695 (99) 223 (19)
0.32 0.15
1 0.48 (0.33–0.68)
1 0.66 (0.46–0.95)
1 0.68 (0.47–0.99)
Sexually transmitted infection prevalence at the 21-month visit
HIV negative positive
1650 (175) 103 (37)
0.21 1.05
1 5.10 (4.11−6.34)
1 3.29 (2.57–4.22)
1 3.20 (2.49–4.10)
HSV-2 negative positive
1585 (173) 168 (39)
0.22 0.59
1 2.68 (2.15−3.36)
1 1.49 (1.15–1.93)
1 1.52 (1.17–1.96)
(1) Adjusted for ethnic group, age, education, number of lifetime sexual partners, condom use in the past 12 months, and HIV and HSV2 statuses at the 21-month visit; (2) among those having at least one sexual intercourse in the past 12 months.
