Table 1: Associations between demographic characteristics and Papanicolaou (PAP) testing among Vietnamese women.

Demographic factors Ever had a Pap test Odds Ratios Yes No Single factors Multiple factors by forward selection No. % No. % Point estimate 95% CIb Point estimate 95% CIb Age: 760 52.85 678 47.15 ***   ***    >60 years old 243 61.36 153 38.64 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  51–60 years old 218 56.92 165 43.08 0.83 0.63~1.11 0.63** 0.45~0.89  41–50 years old 166 53.90 142 46.10 0.74** 0.54~1.00 0.51*** 0.35~0.74  18–40 years old 133 37.89 218 62.11 0.38*** 0.29~0.52 0.26*** 0.17~0.38 Education level 738 53.40 644 46.60 ***   ***    Below high school 211 47.50 251 52.50 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  High school 472 57.42 350 42.58 1.60*** 1.28~2.02 1.62*** 1.23~2.14  Higher education 55 56.12 43 43.88 1.52 0.98~2.36 2.44*** 1.35~4.44 Employment status 766 53.27 672 46.73 ***   **    Employed 493 56.15 385 43.85 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Unemployed 49 33.79 96 66.21 0.40*** 0.28~0.58 0.51** 0.34~0.78  Retired 48 66.67 24 33.33 1.56 0.94~2.60 1.34 0.71~2.53  Homemaker 176 51.31 167 48.69 0.82 0.64~1.06 0.76 0.56~1.05 English speaking ability 766 53.05 678 46.95 **   ***    Not at all 269 48.47 286 51.51 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Not well 451 56.73 344 43.27 1.39** 1.12~1.73 1.85*** 1.39~2.47  Well 46 48.94 48 51.06 1.02 0.66~1.58 1.77 0.97~3.24 Current marital states 765 53.13 675 46.88 ***   ***    Married/living as married 606 55.85 479 44.15 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Never married 71 37.57 118 62.43 0.48*** 0.35~0.65 0.53** 0.36~0.78  Divorced/separated 25 39.68 38 60.32 0.52* 0.31~0.87 0.45** 0.25~0.82  Widowed 63 61.76 39 38.24 1.28 0.84~1.94 1.30 0.81~2.10 Born in USA 762 53.03 675 46.97 ***   **    No 705 52.14 647 47.86 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Yes 57 67.06 28 32.94 1.87** 1.17~2.97 2.22** 1.34~3.66 Years lived in USA 769 53.03 681 46.97 ***        1~10 years 226 44.58 281 55.42 1.00 Reference      11~20 years 476 56.13 372 43.87 1.59*** 1.28~1.99      21~35 years 67 70.53 28 29.47 2.97*** 1.85~4.78     English reading ability 762 52.88 679 47.12 *        Not at all 403 49.94 404 50.06 1.00 Reference      Not well 322 57.30 240 42.70 1.35** 1.08~1.67      Well 37 51.39 35 48.61 1.06 0.65~1.72

Note: ***, **, *indicating significance levels of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively; It was the overall significance when following the factor category names; otherwise, it was the significance of the factor level. bCI = confidence interval.