Table 2: Associations between Papanicolaou (PAP) testing and access barriers.

Access factors Ever had a Pap test Unadjusted odds ratios Adjusted odds ratios Yes No Point estimate 95% CI Point estimate 95% CI No. % No. % Current health insurance 767 53.26 673 46.74 ***   ***    No 224 35.22 412 64.78 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Yes 543 67.54 261 32.46 3.83*** 3.07~4.77 3.41*** 2.64~4.39 Have a healthcare provider 753 53.44 656 46.56 ***   ***    No 105 31.82 225 68.18 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Yes 648 60.06 431 39.94 3.22 2.48~4.19*** 2.27*** 1.67~3.08 Doctor recommendation for testing 734 52.92 653 47.08 ***   ***    No 550 46.37 627 53.27 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Yes 184 87.62 26 12.38 8.07*** 5.27~12.36 9.00*** 5.60~14.44 Doctor’s spoken language 711 57.29 530 42.71 ***        Vietnamese 496 53.97 423 46.03 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  English and Vietnamese 34 57.63 25 42.37 1.16** 0.68~1.98 1.64 0.89~3.02  English 181 68.82 82 31.18 1.88*** 1.41~2.52 2.10*** 1.47~2.99 Difficulty getting time off to see doctor 751 53.38 656 46.62 ***   ***    No 558 56.65 427 43.35 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Yes 193 45.73 229 54.27 0.65*** 0.51~0.81 0.70** 0.54~0.89 Preference for doctor’s gender for a vaginal exam 761 53.74 655 46.26 ***   ***    Female 418 54.93 431 50.77 1.00 Reference 1.00 Reference  Male 33 66.00 17 34.00 2.00* 1.10~3.65 2.41* 1.20~4.85  Does not matter 310 59.96 207 40.04 1.54*** 1.24~1.93 1.62*** 1.26~2.08

Note: ***, **, *indicating significance levels of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively. bIt was the overall significance when following the factor category names; otherwise, it was the significance of the factor level.