Epidemiologic Features of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Reproductive-Age Women in India

Table 3

Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis by sociodemographic, behavioral, partner, and laboratory measures, Mysore, India 2005-2006.

	Prevalent vulvovaginal candidiasis (Overall prevalence = 180/2528; 7.1%)
	Prevalence (𝑛/𝑁)	Prevalence (%)	Prevalence 95% CI
Age, years
16–20	14/157	9.2	(4.1, 14.3)
21–25	72/978	7.4	(5.4, 9.5)
26–30	94/1391	6.6	(5.2, 8.1)
Years of education
0	44/666	6.6	(4.3, 8.9)
1–7	59/767	7.7	(5.7, 9.7)
8–17	77/1095	7.0	(5.2, 8.8)
Years with sex partner
0–6	55/728	7.5	(5.3, 9.6)
7–19	124/1794	6.9	(5.6, 8.2)
Socioeconomic status***
Low	79/1257	6.3	(4.8, 7.7)
High	101/1271	7.9	(6.1, 9.8)
Parity
No	22/361	6.0	(3.5, 8.5)
Yes	158/2164	7.3	(6.1, 8.5)
Religion*
Non-Muslim	116/1805	6.4	(5.1, 7.7)
Muslim	64/721	8.9	(6.5, 11.3)
Age of initiation of sexual activity, years**
<14	21/476	4.4	(2.6, 6.3)
15–18	110/1460	7.5	(6.1, 9.0)
19+	49/590	8.2	(5.5, 11.0)
Number of vaginal sex acts in prior three months
0–12	65/769	8.2	(6.0, 10.5)
13–120	115/1755	6.6	(5.4, 7.8)
Ever had anal sex
No	167/2358	7.1	(5.9, 8.2)
Yes	13/169	7.6	(3.6, 11.5)
Husband has other sex partners
No	167/2371	7.1	(6.0, 8.2)
Yes	13/157	7.8	(3.3, 12.4)
Tubal ligation
No	65/910	7.0	(5.3, 8.8)
Yes	115/1616	7.2	(5.7, 8.6)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection
Negative	156/2201	7.1	(5.9, 8.3)
Positive	24/327	6.9	(4.0, 9.8)
Trichomonas vaginalis infection
Negative	169/2383	7.1	(5.8, 8.3)
Positive	11/145	8.0	(3.4, 12.6)
Vaginal pH
<4.5	54/868	6.0	(4.3, 7.7)
≥4.5	126/1659	7.7	(6.4, 9.0)
Clinical (Amsel) criteria diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis**
Negative	145/2231	6.5	(5.3, 7.6)
Positive	35/296	12.0	(8.2, 15.8)
Laboratory (Nugent) criteria diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis
Negative	116/1633	6.9	(5.6, 8.3)
Intermediate	36/373	9.8	(6.8, 12.8)
Positive	21/391	5.7	(3.1, 8.2)
Lactobacillus morphotypes detected*
≥30	123/1594	7.5	(6.0, 9.0)
5–29	24/256	9.6	(5.9, 13.3)
1–4	4/118	3.7	(0.3, 7.0)
<1	5/134	4.5	(0.8, 8.2)
0	16/291	5.5	(2.6, 8.4)

Prevalences, 95% confidence intervals and 𝑃 values calculated using generalized estimating equations with binary family, identity link, and exchangeable correlation.
*0.05 ≤ P < 0.10.
^**P < 0.05.
***A socioeconomic index was calculated using the first factor from a principle components analysis of household consumer goods, toilet type, financial instruments, and stove type, and then recoded into a binary score of low and high socioeconomic status [23].