Research Article

Prenatal Ultrasound Screening for Fetal Anomalies and Outcomes in High-Risk Pregnancies due to Maternal HIV Infection: A Retrospective Study

Table 2

Maternal and neonatal characteristics according to duration of pregnancy.

Duration of pregnancy in weeksP value1
24 + 0–33 + 6
34 + 0–36 + 6
37 + 0–42

Maternal age at delivery (±SD)

Gravidity
 17 (24.1%)21 (24.7%)68 (28.8%)
 29 (31%)28 (32.9%)67 (31.6%)
 37 (24.1%)19 (22.4%)45 (21.2%)
 43 (10.3%)9 (10.6%)26 (12.3%)
 >53 (10.3%)8 (10.1%)13 (10.7%)

Parity
 116 (55.2%)42 (49.4%)104 (49.1%)
 26 (20.7%)30 (35.3%)72 (34%)
 34 (13.8%)9 (10.6%)23 (10.8%)
 403 (3.5%)9 (4.2%)
 >53 (10.3%)1 (1.2%)4 (1.8%)

Ethnicity
 Caucasian5 (22.7%)27 (38.6%)63 (33%)
 African17 (77.3%)43 (61.4%)128 (67%)

HIV diagnosis during pregnancy
 Yes9 (30%)19 (22.1%)51 (24.2%)
 No21 (70%)67 (77.9%)160 (75.88%)

Mode of delivery
 Planned caesarean section26 (83.87%)70 (78.6%)161 (75.94%)
 Caesarean section during labor5 (16.13%)15 (16.85%)10 (4.72%)
 Emergency caesarean section001 (0.47%)
 Caesarean section after trial of vag birth0013 (6.13%)
 Spontaneous vaginal delivery03 (3.37%)26 (12.26%)
 Unplanned vaginal delivery01(1.12%)0
 Instrumental vaginal delivery (e.g., Forceps)001 (0.47%)

CD4 count at delivery (cells/μL)
 <2002 (8%)6 (8.3%)22 (12%)
 200–34912 (48%)14 (19.4%)50 (27.2%)
 >35011 (44%)52 (72.2%)112 (60.9%)

Viral load at delivery (copies/mL)
 <509 (36%)27 (34.6%)132 (66.7%)
 50–3997 (28%)32 (41%)49 (24.7%)
 ≥4009 (36%)19 (24.4%)17 (8.6%)

HAART before beginning of pregnancy
 Yes17 (66.7%)41 (55.4%)123 (65.4%)
 No10 (33.3%)33 (44.6%)65 (34.6%)

HCV (positive anti-HCV test)
 Yes2 (8%)10 (13.2%)13 (7.3%)
 Negative23 (92%)66 (86.8%)166 (92.7%)

5-min APGAR
 <4000
 <75 (17.24%)00
 7–1024 (82.75%)90 (100%)211 (100%)

Arterial cord blood levels ( )
 <7.0000
 7.0-<7.1002
 7.1-<7.23 (10%)3 (3.4%)10 (4.83%)
 >7.227 (90%)85 (96.6%)197 (95.17%)

Base excess ( ) (±SD)
  
  
  

Fetal weight (g) ( ) (±SD)   
  
  

Percentile ( )
 <101 (3.3%)7 (8.2%)21 (9.9%)
 10–90 28 (84.7%)80 (88.3%)183 (86.7%)
 >903 (10%)3 (3.5%)7 (3.3%)

Early anomaly scan (11–14 weeks of gestation) 11 (36.7%)24 (28.2%)65 (30.7%)

Anomaly scan (second trimester) 26 (81.2%)68 (75.6%)158 (74.5%)

Anomaly scan at later stage (5.5%)2 8 8

Prenatally seen anomalies (2.1%)322

Postnatal confirmed anomalies 4 2 9
In total (4.5%)

P values were calculated without significance correction. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for maternal age, gravidity and parity, APGAR score, apH, vpH, BE, fetal weight and percentile, fetal length, head circumference, early anomaly scan, anomaly scan. Chi² test was used for the other characteristics. SD: standard deviation.