Prenatal Ultrasound Screening for Fetal Anomalies and Outcomes in High-Risk Pregnancies due to Maternal HIV Infection: A Retrospective Study
Table 2
Maternal and neonatal characteristics according to duration of pregnancy.
Duration of pregnancy in weeks
P value1
24 + 0–33 + 6
34 + 0–36 + 6
37 + 0–42
Maternal age at delivery (±SD)
Gravidity
1
7 (24.1%)
21 (24.7%)
68 (28.8%)
2
9 (31%)
28 (32.9%)
67 (31.6%)
3
7 (24.1%)
19 (22.4%)
45 (21.2%)
4
3 (10.3%)
9 (10.6%)
26 (12.3%)
>5
3 (10.3%)
8 (10.1%)
13 (10.7%)
Parity
1
16 (55.2%)
42 (49.4%)
104 (49.1%)
2
6 (20.7%)
30 (35.3%)
72 (34%)
3
4 (13.8%)
9 (10.6%)
23 (10.8%)
4
0
3 (3.5%)
9 (4.2%)
>5
3 (10.3%)
1 (1.2%)
4 (1.8%)
Ethnicity
Caucasian
5 (22.7%)
27 (38.6%)
63 (33%)
African
17 (77.3%)
43 (61.4%)
128 (67%)
HIV diagnosis during pregnancy
Yes
9 (30%)
19 (22.1%)
51 (24.2%)
No
21 (70%)
67 (77.9%)
160 (75.88%)
Mode of delivery
Planned caesarean section
26 (83.87%)
70 (78.6%)
161 (75.94%)
Caesarean section during labor
5 (16.13%)
15 (16.85%)
10 (4.72%)
Emergency caesarean section
0
0
1 (0.47%)
Caesarean section after trial of vag birth
0
0
13 (6.13%)
Spontaneous vaginal delivery
0
3 (3.37%)
26 (12.26%)
Unplanned vaginal delivery
0
1(1.12%)
0
Instrumental vaginal delivery (e.g., Forceps)
0
0
1 (0.47%)
CD4 count at delivery (cells/μL)
<200
2 (8%)
6 (8.3%)
22 (12%)
200–349
12 (48%)
14 (19.4%)
50 (27.2%)
>350
11 (44%)
52 (72.2%)
112 (60.9%)
Viral load at delivery (copies/mL)
<50
9 (36%)
27 (34.6%)
132 (66.7%)
50–399
7 (28%)
32 (41%)
49 (24.7%)
≥400
9 (36%)
19 (24.4%)
17 (8.6%)
HAART before beginning of pregnancy
Yes
17 (66.7%)
41 (55.4%)
123 (65.4%)
No
10 (33.3%)
33 (44.6%)
65 (34.6%)
HCV (positive anti-HCV test)
Yes
2 (8%)
10 (13.2%)
13 (7.3%)
Negative
23 (92%)
66 (86.8%)
166 (92.7%)
5-min APGAR
<4
0
0
0
<7
5 (17.24%)
0
0
7–10
24 (82.75%)
90 (100%)
211 (100%)
Arterial cord blood levels ()
<7.0
0
0
0
7.0-<7.1
0
0
2
7.1-<7.2
3 (10%)
3 (3.4%)
10 (4.83%)
>7.2
27 (90%)
85 (96.6%)
197 (95.17%)
Base excess () (±SD)
Fetal weight (g) () (±SD)
Percentile ()
<10
1 (3.3%)
7 (8.2%)
21 (9.9%)
10–90
28 (84.7%)
80 (88.3%)
183 (86.7%)
>90
3 (10%)
3 (3.5%)
7 (3.3%)
Early anomaly scan (11–14 weeks of gestation)
11 (36.7%)
24 (28.2%)
65 (30.7%)
Anomaly scan (second trimester)
26 (81.2%)
68 (75.6%)
158 (74.5%)
Anomaly scan at later stage (5.5%)
2
8
8
Prenatally seen anomalies (2.1%)
3
2
2
Postnatal confirmed anomalies
4
2
9
In total (4.5%)
P values were calculated without significance correction. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for maternal age, gravidity and parity, APGAR score, apH, vpH, BE, fetal weight and percentile, fetal length, head circumference, early anomaly scan, anomaly scan. Chi² test was used for the other characteristics. SD: standard deviation.