Clinical Study
Determinants of Symptomatic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Women in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Table 2
Univariate associations between variables of interest and symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis among HIV-infected women (
).
| | Variables of interest | Symptomatic VVC () | VVC colonization () | P value | | (%) | (%) |
| | Age in years, median (range) | | | 0.484 | | 21 (18–24) | 21 (40.4) | 13 (28.9) | | | 30 (25–34) | 24 (46.2) | 24 (53.3) | | | 40.2 (35–46) | 7 (13.5) | 8 (17.8) | | | Major presenting complains | | | 0.362 | | Vaginal discharge | 4 (7.7) | 6 (13.3) | | | Genital itching and soreness | 48 (92.3) | 39 (86.7) | | | History of antibiotic use within the past 3 months | 36 (69.2) | 28 (62.2) | 0.467 | | No history of condom use | 42 (80.8) | 30 (66.7) | 0.113 | | History of sexually transmitted infections within the past 3 months | | | 0.312 | | Vaginal discharge syndrome | 18 (34.6) | 24 (53.3) | | | Genital ulcer syndrome | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.2) | | | Mixed sexually transmitted infections | 7 (13.5) | 4 (8.9) | | | No defined sexually transmitted infections | 26 (50) | 16 (36) | | | Currently isolated pathogens for STIs | | | 0.153 | | Trichomonas vaginalis | 5 (9.6) | 10 (22.2) | 0.07 | | Chlamydia trachomatis | 1 (1.9) | 6 (13.3) | 0.046 | | Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 3 (5.8) | 3 (6.7) | 0.612 | | Mycoplasma genitalium | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.2) | 0.76 | | Herpes simplex virus type 2 | 5 (9.6) | 3 (6.7) | 0.93 | | STI caused by more than 1 aetiology | 9 (17.3) | 4 (8.9) | 0.583 | | No STI pathogen identified | 28 (53.8) | 18 (40) | 1 | | Vaginal flora (Nugent's scores) | | | 0.01 | | less than 7 (BV negative) | 17 (32.7) | 5 (11.1) | | | ≥7 (BV positive) | 35 (67.3) | 40 (88.9) | | | Pregnancy | 4 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 0.057 | | Plasma HIV viral load (VL) categories | | | <0.0001 | | ≥10000 copies | 19 (36.5) | 3 (6.7) | | | 20–9999 copies | 28 (53.8) | 23 (51.1) | | | <20 copies | 5 (9.6) | 19 (42.2) | | | Genital HIV viral load (VL) categories | | | 0.002 | | ≥10000 copies | 12 (23.1) | 0 (0) | | | 20–9999 copies | 12 (23.1) | 9 (20) | | | <20 copies | 28 (53.8) | 36 (80) | | | CD4+ T cell counts | | | <0.0001 | | <200 cells | 30 (57.7) | 11 (24.4) | | | 200–349 cells | 17 (32.7) | 15 (33.3) | | | ≥350 cells | 5 (9.6) | 19 (42.2) | | | Therapy groups | | | <0.001 | | Patients on antiretroviral therapy | 26 (50) | 34 (75.6) | | | Patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy | 26 (50) | 11 (24.4) | |
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