Clinical Study
Determinants of Symptomatic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Women in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Table 4
Univariate associations between variables of interest and symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) among HIV-uninfected women (
).
| | Variables of interest | Symptomatic VVC () | VVC colonization () | P value | | (%) | (%) |
| | Age in years, median (range) | | | 0.705 | | 21 (18–24) | 26 (68.4) | 43 (68.3) | | | 30 (25–34) | 6 (15.8) | 13 (20.6) | | | 40.2 (35–46) | 6 (15.8) | 7 (11.1) | | | History of antibiotic use within the past 3 months | 17 (44.7) | 32 (50.8) | 0.555 | | No history of condom use | 35 (92.1) | 52 (82.5) | 0.178 | | History of sexually transmitted infections within the past 3 months | | | 0.504 | | Vaginal discharge syndrome | 14 (36.8) | 22 (34.9) | | | Genital ulcer syndrome | 0 (0) | 2 (3.2) | | | Mixed sexually transmitted infections | 3 (7.9) | 2 (3.2) | | | No defined sexually transmitted infections | 21 (55.3) | 37 (58.7) | | | Currently isolated pathogens for STIs | | | 0.377 | | Trichomonas vaginalis | 5 (13.2) | 11 (17.5) | 0.333 | | Chlamydia trachomatis | 2 (5.3) | 2 (3.2) | 0.841 | | Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 2 (5.3) | 3 (4.8) | 0.835 | | Mycoplasma genitalium | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | 1 | | Herpes simplex virus type 2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.053 | | STI caused by more than 1 aetiology | 3 (7.9) | 14 (22.2) | 1 | | No STI pathogen identified | 26 (68.4) | 14 (22.2) | 1 | | Vaginal flora (Nugent’s scores) | | | 0.08 | | Less than 7 (BV negative) | 13 (34.2) | 12 (19) | | | ≥7 (BV positive) | 25 (65.8) | 51 (81) | | | Pregnancy | 12 (31.6) | 7 (11.1) | 0.011 |
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BV: bacterial vaginosis.
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