Maternal Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Use in Pregnancy and Growth Outcomes among HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in Kenya
Table 1
Distribution of demographic and medical characteristics by any maternal prenatal TDF use, among HEU infants exposed for combination ART1.
Median (IQR) or (percentage)
Mother-infant pairs at 6-week visit ()
Mother-infant pairs at 9-month visit ()
Maternal TDF use during pregnancy2
Maternal TDF use during pregnancy2
Yes ()
No ()
value3
Yes ()
No ()
value3
Maternal demographic characteristics
Age (years)
28 (24–33)
28 (25–33)
0.730
30 (26–35)
31 (25–34)
0.930
Education completed (years)
8 (7–11)
8 (7–10)
0.430
8 (8–11)
8 (7–12)
0.901
Number of children
3 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
0.109
4 (2–4)
3 (2–4)
0.460
Married/cohabiting
45 (88%)
85 (82%)
0.301
32 (84%)
71 (85%)
0.965
Monogamous marriage (versus polygamous)
36 (86%)
67 (80%)
0.415
25 (81%)
56 (80%)
0.940
Enrollment site in Nyanza (versus outside Nyanza)
40 (78%)
67 (64%)
0.076
28 (74%)
63 (75%)
0.877
Maternal medical characteristics
Time since first HIV diagnosis (years)
8 (5–8)
8 (4–8)
0.862
8 (6–8)
8 (7-8)
0.838
Initiated ART before pregnancy (versus during pregnancy)
30 (60%)
69 (75%)
0.063
30 (79%)
47 (65%)
0.137
Ever received CD4 testing
45 (94%)
97 (97%)
0.348
38 (100%)
81 (96%)
0.238
Last CD4 (cell/µL) during pregnancy
365 (268–520)
395 (273–553)
0.589
481 (326–600)
550 (368–741)
0.144
Maternal WHO clinical stage
Stage 1
16 (32%)
25 (24%)
0.311
14 (37%)
29 (35%)
0.804
Stage 2
8 (16%)
20 (19%)
0.608
8 (21%)
15 (18%)
0.676
Stage 3
8 (16%)
10 (10%)
0.257
4 (11%)
1 (1%)
0.016
Unknown
18 (36%)
48 (47%)
0.214
12 (32%)
39 (46%)
0.124
PI-containing maternal ART regimen
16 (31%)
7 (7%)
<0.001
7 (18%)
7 (8%)
0.105
Trimester of first combo ART use
1st trimester4
39 (89%)
82 (94%)
0.253
33 (97%)
58 (94%)
0.459
2nd trimester
3 (7%)
2 (2%)
0202
0 (0%)
1 (2%)
0.457
3rd trimester
2 (5%)
3 (3%)
0.416
1 (3%)
3 (5%)
0.682
Body mass index (kg/m2)
23 (20–25)
23 (21–25)
0.193
21 (20–24)
23 (20–25)
0.005
Infant characteristics
Gestational age at birth (weeks)
38 (36–39)
38 (36–40)
0.562
38 (37–39)
38 (37–40)
0.121
Birth weight (kilograms)
3.0 (2.7–3.5)
3.1 (2.8–3.5)
0.338
3.3 (2.5–3.5)
3.1 (2.8–3.7)
0.363
Infant male sex
35 (49%)
59 (57%)
0.365
23 (61%)
35 (42%)
0.053
Currently breastfeeding
49 (98%)
99 (99%)
0.615
31 (84%)
57 (68%)
0.070
. 1Missing data not shown. 2Maternal TDF use during pregnancy defined as any reported TDF-containing regimen used at any time during pregnancy among mothers that used combination ART. 3Chi-squared test for proportions or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous measures. 4Including women that initiated ART before pregnancy.
