Factors Associated with Hormonal and Intrauterine Contraceptive Use among HIV-Infected Men and Women in Lilongwe, Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants (by sex).
Characteristic
Women ()
Men ()
value
(%)
(%)
Age
<0.001
18–24 years
36 (12.5)
1 (0.4)
25–34 years
151 (52.1)
84 (34.9)
≥35 years
102 (35.3)
155 (64.3)
Education
0.806
Completed primary school or less
141 (48.8)
115 (47.7)
Completed some secondary school or more
148 (51.2)
126 (52.3)
Religion
0.509
Catholic
60 (20.8)
52 (21.7)
Protestant
204 (70.6)
166 (69.2)
Muslim
23 (8.0)
18 (7.5)
No religion
1 (0.4)
4 (1.7)
Current relationship status
0.910
Married/committed relationship with 1 partner
281 (97.2)
236 (98.0)
Dating one or more persons
5 (1.7)
3 (1.2)
Not currently dating
3 (1.0)
2 (0.8)
Residence
0.154
Urban
260 (90.0)
208 (86.3)
Rural
28 (9.7)
33 (13.7)
Number of children
0.014
0
23 (7.0)
9 (3.7)
1-2
138 (47.8)
98 (40.7)
3-4
100 (34.6)
95 (39.4)
5 or more
28 (9.7)
39 (16.2)
History of unplanned pregnancy
0.032
No
146 (50.5)
143 (59.3)
Yes
143 (49.5)
96 (39.8)
Wants pregnancy within the next 2 years
0.159
No
202 (69.9)
178 (73.9)
Yes
87 (30.1)
58 (24.1)
Neither you nor partner wants more kids
0.010
No
142 (49.1)
92 (38.2)
Yes
144 (49.8)
147 (61.0)
Length of time since HIV diagnosis
0.223
≤5 years
135 (46.7)
101 (41.9)
>5 years
151 (52.2)
140 (58.1)
On antiretroviral therapy
0.516
No
33 (11.4)
32 (13.3)
Yes
256 (88.6)
209 (86.7)
HIV status of most recent partner
0.044
Negative
56 (19.4)
44 (18.3)
Positive
184 (63.7)
173 (71.8)
Do not know
48 (16.6)
23 (9.5)
Most recent partner knows your HIV status
0.790
No
18 (6.2)
12 (5.0)
Yes
270 (93.4)
227 (94.2)
Do not know
1 (0.4)
1 (0.4)
Length of time with most recent partner
0.994
≤4 years
92 (31.8)
78 (32.4)
>4 years
189 (65.4)
160 (66.4)
In the past month, frequency of sex
0.370
≤4 times (once a week or less)
56 (19.4)
55 (22.8)
>4 times (more than once a week)
129 (44.6)
103 (42.7)
Talk to most recent partner about which FP method to use
0.008
Yes
19 (6.6)
191 (79.3)
No
203 (70.2)
5 (2.1)
Who makes decisions about family planning
<0.001
Female only
189 (65.4)
84 (34.9)
Male only
38 (13.1)
66 (27.4)
Both
40 (13.8)
62 (25.7)
Have you ever learned about family planning from a healthcare provider?
N/A
No
17 (5.9)
N/A
Yes
271 (94.8)
N/A
Contraceptive(s) used at last intercourse
No method
77 (26.6)
52 (21.6)
0.176
Natural family planning
1 (0.3)
0 (0)
N/A
Withdrawal
1 (0.3)
1 (0.4)
1.000
Condoms
167 (57.8)
161 (66.8)
0.033
Condoms only
96 (33.2)
108 (44.8)
0.006
Condoms plus another method
71 (24.6)
53 (22.0)
0.001
Oral contraceptive
14 (4.8)
10 (4.1)
0.689
Injection
67 (23.1)
43 (17.8)
0.121
Implant
31 (10.7)
25 (10.4)
0.874
Intrauterine device
3 (1.0)
2 (0.8)
0.582
Emergency contraception
0 (0)
0 (0)
N/A
Hormonal or intrauterine contraception
115 (39.8)
80 (33.2)
0.117
value calculated using Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Contains missing data so percentages may not add up to 100%. Statistically significant with .
