Management of Vegetation by Alternative Practices in Fields and Roadsides

Table 1

Treatments in experiments involving alternative herbicides applied in differing amounts, conventional herbicides, and mechanical treatments in field plot research (Field Experiment  1).

Alternative practice	Application
Herbicide ^†	Active ingredient, L ha^−1
Untreated	0
Clove oil	34
“	68
“	102
Pelargonic acid	13
“	26
“	39
Citric-acetic acid	34
Citric acid	45
Glyphosate	2.8
Glufosinate ammonium	1.8
Corn gluten meal	975 kg ha^−1
“	2,925 kg ha^−1
“	4,875 kg ha^−1
Mechanical treatments ^‡
Flaming	Vegetation ashed
Bark mulch	760 m^3 ha^−1
Woodchips mulch	760 m^3 ha^−1

^†Clove oil, Matran EC, 500 mL/L a.i., EcoSMART Technologies, Franklin, TN; pelargonic acid, Scythe, 570 mL a.i./L., Mycogen Corporation, San Diego; citric-acetic acid, Ground Force, 50 mL citric acid/L, acetic acid unspecified, Abby Laboratories, Ramsey, MN; citric acid, Brush and Blackberry Block, 200 mL a.i./L, Greenergy, Brookings, OR; glyphosate, Roundup Pro, 410 mL a.i./L, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO; glufosinate ammonium, Finale, 200 mL a.i./L, Bayer Environmental Science, Montcalm, NJ; and corn gluten meal, about 600 g crude protein/kg, applied to surface after flaming vegetation by torch; tabulated application is total product.
^‡Flaming with propane-fired torch to ash vegetation to soil surface; bark mulch, mixed tree-bark mulch, 7.5 cm thick; woodchips mulch, mixed tree woodchips, 7.5 cm thick following flaming.