|
Analyte | Method | Supporting media | Analytical instrument | LOD | Linearity range | QA/QC studies | Analyzed samples | Interference study | Ref |
|
Hg(II) | Biosensor | Y-shaped DNA | Square wave voltammeter | 0.094 nM | 1 nM–5 μM | Selectivity, sensitivity, and repeatability were studied | River water samples | Interferences of Cu2+, Al3+, Co2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Ba2+, Cr3+, Mg2+, and Pb2+ were reported | [121] |
|
Hg(II) | Preconcentration | N-Octylpyridinium | Stripping voltammeter | 0.0015 μM | 0–0.5 μM | The RSD of the method was 10% | Tap, pond, and wastewaters | No significant interference of 100 μg L−1 of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ was observed in the determination of Hg2+ | [122] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Screen printed carbon electrode | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.005 μM | 0.005–0.5 μM | Accuracy of the method was evaluated with ICP/MS | Groundwater | Interference of Cu2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Pb2+ was negligible in the determination of Hg2+ | [123] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical sensor | 1-(2, 4-Dinitrophenyl)-dodecanoyl thiourea | Cyclic, square wave and differential pulse voltammeter | 0.0032 μM | Up to 0.01 μM | The RSD of the method was 3.5% | Drinking and tap water samples | 5-fold Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ did not interfere in the determination of Hg(II) | [124] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | N-PC-Au | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.35 nM | 0.001–1 μM | — | Drinking water | The electrode was not affected by the presence of Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions in the determination of Hg(II) | [79] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical sensor | Modified gold nanoparticles | Cyclic voltammeter | 7.5 μM | 5.0–50 μM | — | Spiked water samples | The method is selective towards the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ ions | [80] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | N-doped graphene electrode | Differential pulse voltammeter | 0.05 μM | 0.2–9 μM | The RSD of Hg determination with six repetitions was 2.1% | | Simultaneously Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ were determined along with Hg2+ | [99] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical sensor | Screen printed carbon electrode | Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.0001 μM | 0.0002–0.01 μM | Recovery of Hg(II) was found as 106% | Real water samples | High tolerance limits were observed for Fe3+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ but lower tolerance limits for Pb2+ and Cu2+ were found | [125] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical sensor | DNA probe | Cyclic and square wave voltammeter | 5.6 nM | 10–100 nM | — | — | 10-fold Pb2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ did not interfere in the determination of Hg(II) | [81] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Carbon ionic liquid paste electrode | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.1 nM | 0.5–10 nM and 0.08–2 μM | — | Wastewater samples | Over 30-fold Zn2+, Cr3+, and Pb2+ and over 45-fold Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ interfered in the determination of Hg(II) | [82] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Carbon paste sensor | Potentiometer | 1.95 × 10−9 M | 4.00 × 10−9–1.30 × 10−3 M | Reproducibility of the method was reported | Water samples | Selective coefficients of various cations for Hg(II) selective sensors were reported | [126] |
|
Hg(II) | Biosensor | Thymine | Differential pulse and cyclic voltammeter | 0.08 nM | 0.5–5000 nM | Recoveries of Hg(II) in real samples were in the range of 96.4–103% | Water and human serum | Selective in presence of Al3+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ | [127] |
|
Hg(II) | Biosensor | Cyclic dithiothreitol | Cyclic voltammeter | 28 pM | 0.1 nM–5 μM | Recoveries of Hg(II) in water samples were in the range of 98.8–104% | River water samples | Excellent selectivity for Hg(II) detection was observed in presence of Cd2+, Pd2+, and Co2+ | [128] |
|
Hg(II) | Biosensor | Methylene blue | Cyclic voltammeter | 8.7 × 10−11 M | 1.0 × 10−10–5.0 × 10−7 M | The RSD of the sensor was 5.25% for 10 replicates indicating the good reproducibility | Tap and river water samples | Cd2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+, and Ag+ did not interfere up to 250 nM in presence of 50 nM of Hg(II) | [129] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | PVC membrane sensor | Potentiometer | 3.2 × 10−9 M | 1.0 × 10−8–5.0 × 10−3 M | RSD values for synthetic samples measurements were less than 3.10% | Wastewater samples | The selectivity coefficients for various ions were in the range of 1.0 × 10−4–4.5 × 10−4 M | [130] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Copper film electrode | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.0005 μM | 0.05–0.5 μM | The RSD value for 12 replicates of Hg determination was 4.5% | — | Simultaneously mercury and lead are determined | [100] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Carbon nanotubes | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.025 μM | 0.1–100 μM | The RSD value for six replicates was 1.93% | River and industrial wastewater | Up to 200-fold Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ did not interfere in the determination of Hg(II) | [131] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical sensor | Mesoporous carbon nanofibre | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.3 nM | 5–500 nM | The RSD values in the determination of Hg(II) in real samples were less than 2.3% | Yellow river, China | The proposed electrode avoids the interferences of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ | [132] |
|
Hg(II) | Potentiometric sensor | MWCNTs | Potentiometer | 3.1 × 10−9 M | 4.0 × 10−9–2.2 × 10−3 M | The recoveries of Hg(II) were in the range of 99–102% | Aqueous samples | The proposed method was highly selective towards the determination of Hg(II) in presence of some other interfering ions in aqueous samples | [133] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Rotating silver electrode | Square wave voltammeter | 4.61 × 10−8 M | 1.0 × 10−7–8.0 × 10−4 M | The RSD for seven replicates was 2.19% | Milk and breast milk | No interferences of copper, cobalt, iron, and zinc were observed | [134] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Graphene modified with silver | Differential pulse voltammeter | 3.38 × 10−8 M | 5.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−4 M | The RSD for eight replicates was 2.25% | Leachate samples | Even 200 times excess of Al3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Zn2+ did not interfere | [135] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Graphene oxide | Cyclic voltammeter | 0.035 nM | 0.1–100 nM | The RSD value in the reproducible test was 4.5% | River water samples | Even 10 times higher concentrations of Co2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Fe3+ did not interfere in the determination of Hg(II) | [136] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Gold nanoparticles | Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.0001 μM | 0.0005–0.05 μM | Recoveries of Hg(II) in real samples were in the range of 87–102% | Tap and lake waters, milk, and soils | 1000-fold Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Cu2+ did not interfere in the determination of Hg(II) | [137] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Gold nanoparticles | Stripping voltammeter | 1 μM | — | | Water samples | — | [83] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Graphene-Au modified electrode | Square wave voltammeter | 0.001 aM | 1.0 aM–100 nM | The RSD values for triplicate measurements was less than 4.46% | Spiked tap and river waters and landfill leachate samples | Even 500 nM of Cd2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+, and Fe3+ did not interfere in the determination of 10 nM of Hg(II) | [48] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Graphene/CeO2 | Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammeter | 2.187 × 10−11 M | 0.002–0.12 μM | — | Wastewaters | Simultaneously Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ were determined | [84] |
|
Hg(II) | Electrochemical | Graphene quantum dots | Anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.02 nM | 0.02–1.5 nM | Recoveries from spiked samples were in the range of 96.6–101% | Spiked samples | Cu2+ was also determined along with Hg(II) | [138] |
|
Total Hg | Liquid-liquid microextraction | Screen printed carbon electrodes | Square wave anodic stripping voltammeter | 0.00005 μM | 0.0025–0.05 μM | The recoveries in the determination of mercury in real samples were in the range of 95–108% | Tap, river, and bottled and industrial wastewaters | — | [139] |
|
Total Hg | Electrochemical sensing | Zinc oxide quantum dots | Linear sweep voltammeter | 0.005 μl/L | 0.005–0.05 μl/L | — | River and groundwater | Except Cd2+, the other ions, such as Zn2+, Pb2+, and As3+ did not interfere | [85] |
|
Total Hg | Electrochemical | Gold nanoparticles | Quartz crystal microbalance | 0.15 nM | 3–300 nM | The results were compared with CV-AAS technique. The RSD was found to be less than 7% | Water and sediment samples | Interference of Cu2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ was reported | [140] |
|
Hg(0) | Electrochemical | Gold-based microsensor | Quartz crystal microbalance | — | — | The results were accurate and within 8% of the concentrations reported by EPA certified samples | Industrial flue gas | — | [141] |
|
Hg(0) | Electromechanical | — | Quartz crystal microbalance | 2.42 × 10−8 μM | — | Selectivity of the instruments for mercury was 84% | — | — | [142] |
|
Hg(0) | Electrochemical | Silver/gold core/shell nanowire monolayer | Quartz crystal microbalance | 0.039 μM | — | Repeatability of the results was always greater than 87% | Industrial gas effluents | — | [143] |
|