Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Applied to Food Samples: A Review

Table 1

Molecularly imprinted polymers applied to dispersive techniques in the analysis of veterinary drugs.

Analyte	Matrix	Polymerization or synthesis method	Mode	Technique	Limit of detection	Recovery	Reference
BAs	Water, honey, and milk	Copolymerization ionic liquid monolith/AMII with DB/initiator AIBN/porogen DMF/removing the residue with MeOH	SCSE-AMIIDB	HPLC-DAD	0.020–0.072 µg L^−1 (water); 0.035–0.10 µg L^−1 (milk); 0.026–0.076 µg L^−1 (honey)	70.2–117.6%	[18]
CLB	Biological fluid (bovine)	Coprecipitation (FeCl2-FeCl3)/monomer MAA, template tert-butylamine, 2-chloroaniline, cross-linker EGDMA, initiator AIBM, with porogen MeOH:acetic acid	MHIM-DSPE	HPLC-UV	0.085 ng mL^−1	91.4–105.3%	[79]
FQs	Milk	Copolymerization of active vinyl groups present on the nanomagnetic POSS (Fe3O4@MI-POSS)/monomer MAA, template enrofloxacin, cross-linker octavinyl POSS	MI-MSPE	HPLC-UV	1.76 and 12.42 ng mL^−1	75.6–108.9%	[67]
FQs	Milk	Fe3O4-ethylene glycol, ethylene diamine, ammonium acetate	MI-MSPE	HPLC-UV	1.8–3.2 ng g^−1	94.0–124.4%	[68]
QNs	Chicken tissue	Polymerization with 2-HEMA/template OFL and hydrophilic monomer, cross-linker EGDMA with porogen MeOH	MIP-MSPD	HPLC-DAD	0.008–0.009 µg g^−1	82.7–102.0%	[82]
SAs	Chicken breast muscle	CS-NR-Mag-MIP/ultrasound-suspension polymerization with GMA, MMA, DVB/Fe3O4 magnetite/template SAs@TEPA	DMSPE	UFLC-MS/MS	0.0043–0.033 ng g^−1	85.0–112.2%	[23]
SAs	Duck and chicken tissues	Copolymerization Fe3O4@SiO2/monomer MAA, cross-linker EGDMA, initiator AIBM, template SMZ	MI-MSPE	HPLC-UV	2.0 mg kg^−1	63.3–76.5% (duck); 68.7–74.7% (chicken)	[83]
TCs	Egg and chicken tissue	MeOH:acetic acid	MMIPS	LC-MS/MS	0.2 ng g^−1	72.8–96.5%	[75]
β-agonists	Pig tissues (muscle, liver)	Bulk polymerization (monomer MAA/cross-linker EGDMA/initiator AIBM/with porogen MeOH and template RAC)	MISDSPE	HPLC-UV	0.2–0.9 μg L^−1	83.8–115.2%	[73]
β-agonists	Pork and pig liver	Coprecipitation (FeCl3-FeSO4) in ammonia/monomer AM, cross-linker TRIM, template RAC, initiator AIBM, with porogen MeOH	MMIPS	HPLC-FL	0.52–1.04 ng mL^−1	80.4–90.0%	[34]

TCs: tetracyclines; CLB: clenbuterol; FQs: fluoroquinolones; QNs: quinolones; SAs: sulfonamides; RAC: ractopamine; BAs: benzimidazole anthelmintics; MAA: methacrylic acid; EGDMA: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; DB: divinylbenzene; AIBM: azo(bis)-isobutyronitrile; DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide; OFL: ofloxacin; 2-HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; AMII: 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoro-methyl)sulfonyl] imide; MeOH: methanol; AM: acrylamide; TRIM: trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate; CIP: ciprofloxacin; OTC: oxytetracycline; GMA: glycidyl methacrylate; DVB: divinylbenzene; TEPA: tetraethylenepentamine; POSS: polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes; SMZ: sulfamethazine; CS-NR-Mag-MIP: core-shell nanoring amino-functionalized superparamagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer; MMIPS: magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer; MISDSPE: molecularly imprinted polymer-dispersive SPE; MHIM: magnetic hybrid imprinted polymers; DMSPE: dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction; MI-MSPE; molecularly imprinted magnetic solid-phase extraction; SCSE: stir cake sorptive extraction; MSPD: matrix solid-phase dispersion.