Review Article
Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Applied to Food Samples: A Review
Table 3
Applications of dispersive techniques in the analysis of veterinary drugs.
| | Analyte | Matrix | Functional group | Eluent | Mode | Technique | Limit of detection | Recovery | Reference |
| | BAs | Milk | C18 | ACN | DSPE | UHPLC-MS/MS | 0.14–1.9 μg kg−1
11.0–123 μg kg−1 | 58.0–116.0% | [19] |
| | Bisphenol A | Bovine milk | C18 | ACN | DSPE | LC-MS/MS | 0.15–0.28 μg kg−1 | 95.0–106.0% | [52] |
| | NIIMs | Aquaculture tissue | C18 and Z-Sep | ACN | DSPE | UHPLC-MS/MS | 0.07–1.0 μg kg−1 | 77.0–88.0% | [21] |
| | NIIMs, NFs, and CAP | Chicken muscle and egg | C18 | Ethyl acetate | DSPE | UHPLC-MS/MS | 0.03–0.16 μg kg−1 | 86.4–116.7% | [86] |
| | QNs and TC | Chicken and pork muscles | Coprecipitation (Fe3O4) with terbium and europium ion coated magnetic nanocomposite | EDTA (TC) Mg(NO3)2 pH 9.8 (QN) | DSPE | UHPLC-FL | 0.8–4.0 μg kg−1 | 61.5–102.6% | [40] |
| | QNs | Swine muscle | Primary and secondary amine/ACN extract | MeOH-NaH2PO4 pH 2.5 | DMSPE | HPLC-DAD | 7.5–26.3 μg kg−1 | 95.5–111.0% | [57] |
| | QNs and β-lactam | Raw cow milk | Primary and secondary amine/extraction solvent mixture of acetonitrile/methanol/McIlvaine buffer pH 6 | — | UAE/DSPE | UHPLC-MS/MS | 0.2–0.6 ng g−1 (QNs)
0.1–0.4 ng g−1 (β-lactam) | 96.0–104.5% | [29] |
| | SAs | Chicken muscle | C18/ACN extract | ACN | DSPE | LC-FL | 1.0–5.0 μg kg−1 | 90.0–95.0% | [22] |
| | SAs | Milk | Butylamide silica | MeOH-basified | DSPE | CE-DAD | 0.05 mg L−1 | 73.0–85.0% | [96] |
| | TCs | Water and milk | Primary and secondary amine, or carbonyl groups/ACN extract | — | DSPME | HPLC-DAD | 0.7–3.5 ng mL−1 (water)
7.9–35.5 ng g−1 (milk) | 97.1–104.1% | [25] |
| | β-Lactams | Bovine kidney tissue | C18 | — | DSPE | LC-MS/MS | — | 58.0% | [45] |
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ACN: acetonitrile; BAs: benzimidazole anthelmintics; CAP: chloramphenicol; C18: octadecyl; DMSPE: dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction; DSPE: dispersive solid-phase extraction; DSPME: dispersive solid-phase microextraction; FL: fluorescence; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; LC; liquid chromatography; MeOH: methanol; NIIMs: nitroimidazoles; NFs: nitrofurans; QNs: quinolones; SAs: sulfonamides; TCs: tetracyclines; UAE: ultrasound-assisted extraction; UHPLC: ultra-high performance liquid chromatography.
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