Membrane Incorporation, Channel Formation, and Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Protein

Figure 2

Characteristics of AβP-induced elevations in [Ca²⁺]_i. (a) Typical time course of [Ca²⁺]_i prior to 2 min and after 3 min of the application of the peptide is depicted. Concentration is 10 μM for all peptides used. (A) AβP(1–40); (B) AβP(40-1); (C) AβP(1–42); (D) D-AβP(1–40). The arrow indicates the time of peptide addition. (b) and (c) Dose-dependence of the increase in [Ca²⁺]_i. Typical responses of [Ca²⁺]_i in cultured neurons following exposure to various concentrations of AβP(1–40) (2.5~10 μM). The peak increase in [Ca²⁺]_i (Δ[Ca²⁺]_i) in each cell (b) and the latency after exposure to AβP(1–40) were analyzed in more than 50 neurons in field of view (360 × 420 μm) cultured neurons (mean ± S.E.M., 𝑛=300).