A Factor Analytic Approach to Symptom Patterns in Dementia

Table 2

Prevalence of clinical items (in percent) in four neuropathologically diagnosed dementia groups, AD (𝑛=74), FTD (𝑛=52), VaD (𝑛=33), and mixed AD/VaD (𝑛=31).

	AD	FTD	VaD	Mixed AD/VaD
Slow progression	96	92	24	76
Early loss of insight	43	75	15	41
Early amnesia for remote events	77	8	15	66
Early spatial disorientation	77	2	21	72
Dyspraxia, dysphasia, dysgnosia (all symptoms present to some extent)	84	10	35	66
Logoclonia (stuttering-like speech disturbance)	14	2	0	7
Logorrhea (voluble speech)	8	15	0	7
Progressive reduction of speech	42	79	56	21
Epileptic seizure of late onset	23	6	12	17
Increased muscular tension	57	17	35	24
Myoclonic twitchings	19	0	0	14
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, utilization behaviour)	8	37	9	4
Early signs of disinhibition	16	79	24	10
Irritability, dysphoria	37	52	35	41
Confabulation, spontaneous	32	14	24	31
Stereotypy of speech	3	25	0	0
Echolalia, late mutism, amimia (during the course)	10	56	3	0
Abrupt onset	10	2	74	21
Stepwise progression	4	6	74	38
Fluctuating course	27	6	79	66
Nocturnal confusion	26	4	15	28
Relative preservation of personality	41	2	62	28
Depression	18	37	44	14
Somatic complaints	27	31	47	31
Emotional incontinence	32	19	47	10
History of hypertension	15	8	65	31
History of stroke	12	4	77	45
Evidence of associated atherosclerosis	18	10	62	41
Focal neurological symptoms	10	14	74	31
Focal neurological signs	15	10	56	41