Will Posttranslational Modifications of Brain Proteins Provide Novel Serological Markers for Dementias?

Table 3

Present fluid biomarkers for dementias from [15, 33, 42].

Analysis sample	Biomarker	BIPED classification	Relationship with pathology
CSF	t-tau	B,D	Increased in AD, indicates the neuronal degeneration
	p-tau	B,D	Increased in AD, reflects the formation of tangles
	Aβ42	B,D	Reduced in the onset stage of AD, it remains unchanged after onset of AD
	Aβ oligomers	B,D	Increased in AD
	APPs-a	B,D	Soluble APPa is decreased in AD
	APPs-β	B,D	APPs-β is a product of APP cleavage by BACE-1; it cannot discriminate normal from AD
	APLIβ	B,D	Fragments generated by β- and 𝑟-secretase are increased in AD
	α-Synuclein	B,D	There is an inverse relationship between severity of disease and α-synuclein, it increases rapidly after neuron death in DLB
	BACE-1	B,D	Increased activity in MCI but not AD
Plasma	Aβ40,42	E	Plasma Aβ is in large amount bound to plasma protein, it cannot discriminate normal from AD, but may have a role as an efficacy marker