Mutual Coupling Compensation for Direction-of-Arrival Estimations Using the Receiving-Mutual-Impedance Method

Abstract

A short review of the receiving-mutual-impedance method (RMIM) for mutual coupling compensation in direction finding applications using linear array is conducted. The differences between the conventional-mutual-impedance method (CMIM) and RMIM, as well as the three different determination methods for receiving mutual impedance (RMI), will be discussed in details. As an example, direction finding with better accuracies is used for demonstrating the superiority of mutual coupling compensation using RMIM.

1. Introduction

Signal processing algorithms of most antenna array applications usually assume that interactions of signals and antenna elements are independent to each other. Such assumption is not necessary to be true especially when the antenna elements are closely spaced. For transmitting applications, the transmitted signals from an antenna element would be received by the other elements in the array and reradiate. The entire transmitted signal is not just the sum of the individual signals from each antenna element, but also the reradiate field from each antenna element. Similarly in receiving applications, electromagnetic wave is first received and current is then induced on an antenna element. The induced current on the antenna element reradiates electromagnetic field which would be received by other elements on the array. The wavefront of the incoming signal is distorted by the reradiated field. In both cases, interactions between the antenna elements distorted the wavefront of the signals. Such effect is known as mutual coupling and it is usually considered as a defect which degrades the performance of array signal processing algorithms.

Existence of the mutual coupling effect in antenna array has been well known throughout the years and extensive work has already been contributed to either reducing or compensating such undesirable effects. Gupta and Ksienski [1] used a circuit theory approach based on the use of the conventional mutual impedance (CMI) [2] to analyze the effect of antenna mutual coupling. This method, namely the conventional-mutual-impedance method (CMIM), has become the most popular method for mutual coupling analysis as CMIs can easily be measured directly or obtained indirectly from the measurement of the S-parameters. Later, Yeh et al. [3] applied the CMIM to decouple the voltages measured from the antenna terminals of a receiving antenna array in a Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation application. The results with better accuracies of DOA estimation demonstrate that the undesirable mutual coupling effect can be partially compensated via a decoupling process with CMI.

Throughout the last two decades, significant amount of interest has been contributed to mutual coupling compensation in DOA estimations and adaptive nulling. Various methods such as calibration methods [4–6], full-wave method [7–9], and receiving-mutual-impedance method (RMIM) [10–15] have been proposed and demonstrate better mutual coupling compensation performance over the CMIM method. A recent review of various mutual coupling methods can be found in [16]. Direct comparisons of these methods for the same DOA estimation problem can be found in [17]. The superiority of these methods over the CMIM relies on the fact that the mutual coupling of the receiving array is considered, as compared to the CMIM which the CMIs are determined when the array is in transmitting mode. The differences of the mutual coupling problems for transmitting and receiving arrays have been covered in Balanis [18] and Daniel [19]. The differences between the CMIM, RMIM, full-wave method and calibration method have recently been discussed in Lui et al. [20].

In this paper, a review of the RMIM in the context of DOA estimation using linear array is presented. The concept of receiving mutual impedance (RMI) was first introduced by Hui [10, 11] and applied on uniform linear array (ULA) for DOA estimations and adaptive nulling. A review of the RMIM will be given in details in the next section. In particular, the formation of RMIM, the “single-mode” approximation [10] as well as the difference between RMIM and CMIM will be discussed in details. Throughout the years, there have been three methods to determine the RMI for linear arrays [12, 13, 15]. Discussions of these determination methods will be given in details in Section 3. A DOA estimation example using Matrix Pencil Method (MPM) [9, 21, 22] with better accuracies demonstrate the superiority of mutual coupling compensation of RMIM.

2. Receiving Mutual Impedance

Consider a simple case of a two-element dipole array. According to the standard MoM analysis, the entire electromagnetic problem of the antenna array with each antenna discretized into 𝑀 segments can be written as [10, 23]

𝑍¹¹𝑍₂₁𝑍₁₂𝑍₂₂𝐼¹𝐼₂=𝑉¹𝑉₂,(1) where the matrix blocks are

𝑍_𝛼𝛽=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑧^𝛼𝛽11−𝑍_𝐿𝑧^𝛼𝛽12⋯𝑧^{𝛼𝛽1𝑀}𝑧^𝛼𝛽21𝑧^𝛼𝛽22⋯𝑧^{𝛼𝛽2𝑀}𝑧⋮⋮⋱⋮_{𝛼𝛽𝑀1}𝑧^{𝛼𝛽𝑀2}⋯𝑧^{𝛼𝛽𝑀𝑀}𝐼_𝛼⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦,=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝐼^𝛼1𝐼^𝛼2𝐼⋮_𝛼𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦,𝑉_𝛼=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉^𝛼1𝑉^𝛼2𝑉⋮_𝛼𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦,(2) respectively. 𝛼 and 𝛽 ranges from 1 and 2 for the case of two antenna elements. The elements in the ⌊𝑍_𝛼𝛽⌋ matrix, 𝑧^{𝛼𝛽𝑎𝑏}, correspond to the impedance between the segment 𝑎 of antenna 𝛼 and segment 𝑏 of antenna 𝛽, 𝑍_𝐿 corresponds to the load impedance of the antenna terminal. The elements 𝐼^𝛼𝑖 and 𝑉^𝛼𝑖 of the [𝐼_𝛼] and [𝑉_𝛼] matrices, respectively are the induced current and the excitation voltage to the corresponding ith segment of the antenna 𝛼, where 𝑚=1,2,…,𝑀. Expanding from (1), this gives

⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑧¹¹¹¹−𝑍_𝐿𝑧¹¹¹²⋯𝑧^111𝑀𝑧¹¹²¹𝑧¹¹²²⋯𝑧^112𝑀𝑧⋮⋮⋱⋮_11𝑀1𝑧^11𝑀2⋯𝑧^11𝑀𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝐼¹¹𝐼¹²𝐼⋮_1𝑀+⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑧₁₂₁₁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦−𝑍_𝐿𝑧¹²¹²⋯𝑧^121𝑀𝑧¹²²¹𝑧¹²²²⋯𝑧^122𝑀𝑧⋮⋮⋱⋮_12𝑀1𝑧^12𝑀2⋯𝑧^12𝑀𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝐼²¹𝐼²²𝐼⋮_2𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉¹¹𝑉¹²𝑉⋮_1𝑀⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑧₂₁₁₁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦,−𝑍_𝐿𝑧²¹¹²⋯𝑧^211𝑀𝑧²¹²¹𝑧²¹²²⋯𝑧^212𝑀𝑧⋮⋮⋱⋮_21𝑀1𝑧^21𝑀2⋯𝑧^21𝑀𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝐼¹¹𝐼¹²𝐼⋮_1𝑀+⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑧₂₂₁₁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦−𝑍_𝐿𝑧²²¹²⋯𝑧^221𝑀𝑧²²²¹𝑧²²²²⋯𝑧^222𝑀𝑧⋮⋮⋱⋮_22𝑀1𝑧^22𝑀2⋯𝑧^22𝑀𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝐼²¹𝐼²²𝐼⋮_2𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉²¹𝑉²²𝑉⋮_2𝑀⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦.(3) As we can see, the mutual coupling effect is due to the off-diagonal matrix blocks, that is, ⌊𝑍_𝛼𝛽⌋ with 𝛼≠𝛽. If the entire current distribution of the antenna [𝐼_𝛼] and the full knowledge of the all elements in the impedance matrices ⌊𝑍_𝛼𝛽⌋ are known, the mutual coupling effect can be accurately quantified and removed [7–9]. However, this can only be done in the modeling domain. In practice, it is not possible to measure the entire current distribution of the antenna, that is, all the values in the [𝐼_𝛼] matrix. Only the terminal voltages of the antenna terminals, that is, 𝑉^𝛼𝑡=𝐼^𝛼1𝑍_𝐿 can be measured. As a result, Hui [10] has introduced the RMI based on the “single-mode” assumption, that is, we treat the current induced on the each antenna element of the array consist of a single-mode current based on the current at the antenna terminal. For a two-element receiving array, this can be written as

𝑈𝑈₁+𝑍^𝑡12𝐼₂=𝑉₁,(4a)₂+𝑍^𝑡21𝐼₁=𝑉₂,(4b) where 𝑍^𝑡12 and 𝑍^𝑡21 are defined as the RMI between the two antennas, 𝐼₁=𝐼¹¹ and 𝐼₂=𝐼²¹ are the induced current in the antenna terminals, 𝑉₁ and 𝑉₂ are the induced voltages in the antenna terminal 1 and 2, respectively, and 𝑈₁ and 𝑈₂ are the terminal voltages solely based on the incoming signals without any mutual coupling effect. The subscript 𝑡 denotes that the RMI is defined based on the current and voltage parameters at the antenna terminal.

It is apparent that under the “single-mode” assumption, the RMIs defined in (4a) and (4b) are no longer the elements of the ⌊𝑍_𝛼𝛽⌋ matrix in the original integral equation formulation in (1). As shown in (4a) and (4b), the RMI varies as the induced terminal current 𝐼^𝛼𝑡 and voltages 𝑉^𝛼𝑡of the antennas, as well as the load impedance (if 𝑍_𝐿 in (3) changes, the entire electromagnetic problem changes and so as the RMI). For omnidirectional antenna elements, the current distribution remains to be the same for any angle of azimuth angle 𝜙 in the elevation plane of 𝜃=90° (horizontal plane) [13].

Now we extend the concept to antenna array with 𝑁 antenna elements and each of them are terminated with the same load impedance 𝑍_𝐿. The measured voltage at antenna terminal 𝑉_𝑘 can be written as

𝑉_𝑘=𝑍_𝐿𝐼_𝑘=𝑈_𝑘+𝑊_𝑘,(5a) where 𝑊_𝑘=+𝑍𝑍^𝑡𝑘,1𝐼_{1𝑡𝑘,𝑁}+𝑍^𝑡𝑘,2𝐼₂+⋯+𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑘−1}𝐼_𝑘−1+𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑘+1}𝐼_𝑘+1+⋯𝐼_𝑁.(5b)Once again 𝑈_𝑘 is the measured terminal voltage due to the incoming signal alone, 𝑊_𝑘 is the voltage due to the mutual coupling effect from other array elements, 𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑖} is the RMI between antenna elements 𝑘 and 𝑖, 𝐼_𝑖 is the current induced at the antenna terminal, given by 𝐼_𝑖=𝑉_𝑖/𝑍_𝐿 for 𝑖=1,2,…,𝑁. Rearranging (5a) and (5b) the relationship between 𝑈_𝑘s and 𝑉_𝑘s can be written as

⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣1−𝑍^𝑡1,2𝑍_𝐿⋯−𝑍^{𝑡1,𝑁−1}𝑍_𝐿−𝑍^𝑡1,𝑁𝑍_𝐿−𝑍^𝑡2,1𝑍_𝐿1⋯−𝑍^{𝑡2,𝑁−1}𝑍_𝐿−𝑍^𝑡2,𝑁𝑍_𝐿−𝑍⋮⋮⋱⋮⋮_{𝑡𝑁−1,1}𝑍_𝐿−𝑍^{𝑡𝑁−1,2}𝑍_𝐿⋯1−𝑍^{𝑡𝑁−1,𝑁}𝑍_𝐿−𝑍^𝑡𝑁,1𝑍_𝐿−𝑍^𝑡𝑁,2𝑍_𝐿⋯−𝑍^{𝑡𝑁,𝑁−1}𝑍_𝐿1⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_𝑁×𝑁×⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉¹𝑉₂𝑉⋮_𝑁−1𝑉_𝑁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_𝑁×1=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑈¹𝑈₂𝑈⋮_𝑁−1𝑈_𝑁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_𝑁×1.(6) With a priori knowledge of the RMIs together with the terminal voltages 𝑉_𝑘s from the DOA problem, the uncoupled voltages 𝑈_𝑘s can thus be determined using (6) and the undesirable mutual coupling effect is thus compensated.

3. Comparision with the Conventional-Mutual-Impedence Method

Other than the RMIM, another well establishing method, the CMIM has been well known in the literature. The differences between the two methods have not been well discussed and we take this opportunity to give a clear explanation. According to [1], the relationship between the voltages at terminal 𝑘 with other antenna terminals can be written as

𝑉₁=+𝐼₁𝐼𝑍_𝑘,1𝑁+𝐼₂𝑍_𝑘,2+⋯+𝐼_𝑖𝑍_𝑘,𝑖+⋯+𝐼_𝑘𝑍_𝑘,𝑘+⋯𝑍_𝑘,𝑁+𝑉_𝑂𝑘,(7) where 𝑍_𝑘,𝑖 is the CMI between antenna terminals 𝑘 and 𝑗, 𝑍_𝑘,𝑘 corresponds to the self impedance of the antenna element 𝑘, 𝐼_𝑖 corresponds to the induced current at the antenna terminal 𝑖 and 𝑉_𝑂𝑘 is defined as the open-circuit voltage at terminal 𝑘 when all other antenna elements under open-circuit condition, that is, 𝐼_𝑖=0 for 𝑖=1,2,…,𝑁. The relationship between the terminal voltage and current can be given by

𝐼^𝑡1=−𝑉^𝑡𝑖𝑍_𝐿,(8) where 𝑍_𝐿 is the load impedance terminated at the feed. With the open-circuit condition and substituting (8) into (7), the relationship between the open-circuit voltages and terminal voltages can be written as ⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣1+𝑍¹¹𝑍_𝐿𝑍₁₂𝑍_𝐿⋯𝑍^1𝑁𝑍_𝐿𝑍₂₁𝑍_𝐿1+𝑍²²𝑍_𝐿⋯𝑍^2𝑁𝑍_𝐿𝑍⋮⋮⋱⋮_𝑁1𝑍_𝐿𝑍_𝑁2𝑍_𝐿⋯1+𝑍^𝑁𝑁𝑍_𝐿⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_𝑁×𝑁⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉¹𝑉₂𝑉⋮_𝑁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦_1×𝑁=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉^𝑂1𝑉_𝑂2𝑉⋮_𝑂𝑁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦_1×𝑁.(9) Comparing CMIM and RMIM, there are three main differences between the two. They are:

(1)The CMI is determined when the antenna array is in transmitting mode while the RMI is determined when the array is in receiving mode. As discussed in [18–20], the mutual coupling problems of transmitting and receiving arrays are two different problems in general and they should be treated separately.(2)The CMI is defined when the antenna element is open circuit while the RMI is defined when the antenna is loaded. The current distribution of the antenna varies with different load impedance. The antenna is usually terminated with load impedance in practice. Strictly speaking, an open-circuit assumption provides only an approximate solution to the mutual coupling characterization. (3)The two mutual impedances are defined differently and thus the decoupling matrices are different ((6) and (9)). In particular, notice that the knowledge of self-impedance is not required for the RMIM.

4. Determination Methods of the Receiving Mutual Impedance

A discussion of the three determination methods of the RMI is covered. The motivations, differences and limitations between these methods are discussed in details.

4.1. Method 1

In this method, the RMI is determined by first taking the current distribution of an antenna element under plane-wave excitation. Here, a two-element dipole array is considered and the incident wave is coming from the elevation plane of 𝜃=90° (perpendicular to the dipole element). Analytical expression of the current distribution can be found in the literature [10]. In the computational domain, such current distribution is then used to excite an antenna element in the array and the coupled induced terminal currents 𝐼_𝑖 and voltages 𝑉_𝑖 in other antenna elements can then be obtained. The terminal voltages that are solely under plane wave excitation 𝑈_𝑖 are determined by considering the current distribution of an antenna element with antenna k removed. The RMIs of the two antenna elements k and i can be calculated by rearranging (4a) or (4b) as

𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑖}=𝑉^𝑘−𝑈_𝑘𝐼_𝑖=𝑉^𝑘−𝑈_𝑘𝑉_𝑖𝑍_𝐿.(10) The limitation of this method is that the accuracy of the determined RMI is strongly dependant on the accuracies of the approximated current distribution. In practice, the current distribution varies when are more than one signal or when the incoming elevation angle deviates from 𝜃=90°. Furthermore, another limitation is that the RMI can only be determined via numerical modeling. Alternative solution is thus required if one would like to measure the RMI.

4.2. Method 2

In this method [12, 13], the two antenna elements k and i are first illuminated by plane-wave excitation and the terminal voltages 𝑉_𝑖 and 𝑉_𝑘 are obtained. Next, antenna element i is removed from the array and the terminal voltage of antenna k that is solely under plane wave excitation, 𝑈_𝑘, are thus obtained. The RMI, 𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑖}, can then be determined using (10). The study in [12] has shown that the RMI can be measured experimentally and the results are comparable to the numerical modeling using MoM. This method provides an accurate solution as it does not require any assumption of the current distribution. Furthermore, the RMI can be obtained experimentally.

The main drawback of both method 1 and 2 is that only two antenna elements are considered at a time and the scattering effect from other elements (if there are more than two elements in the array) are not taken into account. According to (5a) and (5b), the mutual coupling problem for a N-element receiving array can be written as

𝑉_𝑘=𝑈_𝑘+𝑍^𝑡𝑘,1𝐼₁+𝑍^𝑡𝑘,2𝐼₂+⋯+𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑘−1}𝐼_𝑘−1+𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑘+1}𝐼_𝑘+1+⋯+𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑁}𝐼_𝑁.(11) Consider all the voltages and current values are found as described above, there are 𝑁−1 unknowns in (11) (𝑁−1 RMIs) which cannot be solved mathematically. As a result, only two antennas can be considered in one time in the previous two methods and removal of “other” antenna elements is needed when 𝑁>2. Strictly speaking, this method only provides an accurate solution for the case of two antenna elements. When there are more than two antennas, the “extra” antennas have to be removed and thus the electromagnetic problem has changed. The scattering effect from “other elements” has not been taken into consideration and thus alternative solution is required to handle such drawback.

4.3. Method 3

For antenna arrays with omnidirectional antenna elements, the RMI remains to be a constant as the azimuth angle 𝜙 varies. Consider the terminal voltages are measured at 𝜙_𝑛 and repeat the measurement at 𝑁−1 incoming aspects, (11) can be written as ⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑉^𝜙1_𝑘−𝑈^𝜙1_𝑘𝑉^𝜙2_𝑘−𝑈^𝜙2_𝑘𝑉_{𝜙𝑁−2𝑘}⋮−𝑈^𝜙𝑁−2_𝑘𝑉^𝜙𝑁−1_𝑘−𝑈^𝜙𝑁−1_𝑘⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_{(𝑁−1)×1}=⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝐼^𝜙11⋯𝐼^𝜙1_𝑘−1𝐼^𝜙1_𝑘+1⋯𝐼^𝜙1_𝑁𝐼^𝜙2₁⋯𝐼^𝜙2_𝑘−1𝐼^𝜙2_𝑘+1⋯𝐼^𝜙2_𝑁𝐼⋮⋱⋮⋮⋱⋮_{𝜙𝑁−21}⋯𝐼^𝜙𝑁−2_𝑘−1𝐼^𝜙𝑁−2_𝑘+1⋯𝐼^𝜙𝑁−2_𝑁𝐼^𝜙𝑁−1₁⋯𝐼^𝜙𝑁−1_𝑘−1𝐼^𝜙𝑁−1_𝑘+1⋯𝐼^𝜙𝑁−1_𝑁⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_{(𝑁−1)×(𝑁−1)}×⎡⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣𝑍^𝑡𝑘,1𝑍⋮_{𝑡𝑘,𝑘−1}𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑘+1}𝑍⋮_{𝑡𝑘,𝑁−1}⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦_{(𝑁−1)×1},(12) where the superscripts 𝜙_𝑛 on the voltages and currents terms correspond to the voltages and currents measured under the plane-wave illumination from the azimuth angle of 𝜙_𝑛, respectively. The RMI 𝑍^{𝑡𝑘,𝑖}s can be determined by solving (11), where 𝑖=1,2,…,𝑘−1,𝑘+1,…,𝑁.

As previously mentioned, the first advantage this method does not require the removal of antenna elements such that the scattering effect from all antenna elements is taken into consideration in the calculation when we calculate/measure 𝑉_𝑘. Preliminary results in [15] have first demonstrated that better accuracies can be obtained for DOA estimations using the RMI determined based on method 3 as compared to method 2. More importantly, as the element separation of the antenna elements becomes smaller, the scattering effect from other elements becomes significant and RMI determined using method 2 may fail to compensate the mutual coupling effect.

To demonstrate the superiority of method 3, a DOA estimation example using two 8-element uniform linear arrays with element separations of 0.3𝜆 and 0.15𝜆 is considered. Decoupling using CMIM is not included here as it has previously been demonstrated [10, 11, 14, 15] that RMIM is better than CMIM and we are not going to repeat it here again. Normal-Mode Helical Antenna (NMHA) element shown in Figure 2 is considered. Three signals coming from the azimuth directions of 𝜙₁=20°, 𝜙₂=35°, and 𝜙₃=100° (all from the elevation angle of 𝜃=90°) shown in Figure 1 are considered. The incoming signals are contaminated with Additive Gaussian White Noise (AGWN) with a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 10 dB. The entire simulations are done in full-wave electromagnetic solver FEKO [24] so that the scattering effect from all antenna elements is taken into account. The signals are first compensated using the RMIM based on the RMI determined using method 2 and a Matrix Pencil Method (MPM) algorithm is used for DOA estimations. The results out of 1000 simulations are tabulated in Tables 1 and 2. For the case with an element separation of 0.3𝜆, there is not significant differences for the estimated incoming directions when the RMI is determined using the two methods. However, as the element separation is reduced to 0.15𝜆, as shown in Table 2, it is found that the estimated directions of signal 1 and signal 2 becomes 26° and 80°, respectively, which are not correct. Using the RMI determined using method 3, three incoming signals can be clearly resolved with less than 0.5° of bias, standard deviations, root-mean-square errors (RMSEs).

Table 1 

DOA estimation using MPM using a ULA with 8 antenna elements with the element separation of Δ=0.3𝜆. DOA estimation is based on the decoupled voltages using RMI determined based on methods 2 and 3.

Table 2 

DOA estimation using MPM and a ULA with 8 antenna elements with the element separation of Δ=0.15𝜆. DOA estimation is based on the decoupled voltages using the RMI determined based on methods 2 and 3.

Figure 1 

The top view of the DOA estimation problems. The ULA is lined in the 𝑥 axis and the incoming signals are coming from the azimuth angles of 𝜙1=20°, 𝜙2=35° and 𝜙3=100°. The antenna separation is denoted as Δ.

Figure 2 

The NMHA with 𝐿=25 mm, 𝑑𝐻=2.6 mm, ℎ=3 mm and 𝑑𝑤=0.6 mm.

Further investigations about the solution of the RMI determined using different number of incidence, can be found in our recent publication [25]. The only limitation of this method is that it is only applicable to omnidirectional antenna elements. Alternative solutions are thus required for nonomnidirectional antenna elements [26, 27].

5. Conclusions

A review of the RMIM for mutual coupling compensation in the scope of DOA estimations using ULA is presented. In particular, the definition of RMI, the “single-mode” approximation, as well as the differences between CMIM and RMIM are discussed in details. The advantages and limitations of the three determination methods of RMI have also covered followed by a DOA estimation example which demonstrates the feasibilities and superiorities of mutual coupling compensation using RMI. In addition to theoretical studies, we have recently demonstrated experimentally that the RMIM can be used for mutual coupling compensation [28].

The RMIM has also been applied to mutual coupling compensation of DOA estimations using circular array [29] and phase array in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) [30–32]. Recently, the RMI has been adopted to model the mutual coupling effect of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system and new models for channel capacities of the MIMO systems have been developed [33, 34]. It is no doubt that the RMIM is an important model for mutual coupling characterization and it is not difficult to see that such model can be used in other radar, biomedical, and communication applications.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National University of Singapore (NUS) under Grant no. R-263-000-469-112 and in part by the US ONR research fund under the Project no. PR. NO. 09PR03332-01.