Abstract
A compact multiband fractal antenna which is a new criterion in communication is proposed. The optimized prototype measures 35 mm 31 mm 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna covers WLAN IEEE 802.11b, 802.15, PCS, GSM lower and higher bands, DCS, IMT, UMTS, Wi-Fi, and WLAN wireless applications. The proposed antenna exhibits multiband characteristics with an of dB at design frequency and it is found that ~70% of the graph below dB reference is achieved. Experimental has been compared with the one which is obtained using method of moments. The aim of implementing self-affine fractal concept in antenna design makes it flexible in controlling the resonance and bandwidth. This paper investigates self-affine fractal geometry to miniaturize and to resonate multiband frequencies. The prototype model with a good agreement of is reported.
1. Introduction
The immense increase in wireless devices and systems to establish wireless connectivity, results in congested wireless band. Wireless market needs a low profile and compact antenna to fit the wireless devices with multiband characteristics. Currently, developed compact broadband antennas are designed for mobile devices [1–10] which involve tuning of non planar, metallic strips and photolithographic concepts partially. This was a motivation to develop a compact multiband antenna, which is essential for wireless applications to solve the needs. The prototype tends to fit IEEE 802.11 series, WLAN, GSM, Wi-Fi, PCS, and DCS frequencies. Microstrip antenna is capable of providing narrowband width, to resonate for multiband, fractal geometry is preferred, and it also occupies less space on wireless boards.
Mandelbrot found the name “fractals” to all that is occurring in nature. Fractal dimensions were not whole numbers, regular, and irregular structures seen in nature [11–23], and latter, John Gianvittoria and many others have devoted to this geometry in particular. A few examples of these geometries are coastlines, mountains, snow structure, fern leaves, bark of trees, and pebbles. Fractal geometry finds a variety of application in engineering and nonengineering fields.
This paper aims at regular self-affine cantor. The visual examinations of self-affine cantor are same in all successive iterations and portray the self-affinity property. As the fractal iteration increases, then the volume of the initiator reduces by 45% in size, thereby maintaining a radiation pattern compared to that of a normal patch [23]. A self-affine [12] cantor length (L) and the width (W) are reduced to a maximum number of possible iterations (n), through iterative coefficients to shrink the volume of the geometry through which individuality is maintained. This approach provides flexibility in designing a miniaturized antenna. The antenna exhibits multiband resonance by selecting proper scaling factor and optimization of the feed position. Sinha and Jain [24] examined self-affine property of fractals and evaluated the multiband characteristics and implemented the microstrip feed line on a RT-Duroid substrate, and the antenna is found to have finite ground plane of length 85 mm × 85 mm with aperture coupling to cover the frequency bands at 2.5 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10 GHz with 130 MHz, 580 MHz, and 690 MHz bandwidths. The above bandwidth is achieved through 3 mm between the substrate and the ground plane. Also, the cost of RT-Duroid is too high when compared to FR4 substrate. [25] Xiaoxiang He designed a dual band antenna for WLAN applications of 109.03 mm × 77.88 mm × 102.8 mm with three parts namely monopole which is in the shape of a fork, rectangular slot and patch. All the three parameters vary and the gain is achieved by adjusting the length and gap using reflector. [26] Liu et al. designed a triple frequency meander monopole antenna on one side and three parasitic strips 1, 2 and 3 on the other side measures of 35 mm × 31 mm.
The antenna is etched on a RT Duroid substrate at 2.45 GHz [27] and the antenna that is designed measures 18 mm × 7.2 mm × 0.254 mm. But the antenna is tuned for GPS, DCS-1800, IMT-2000 and WLAN handsets by varying the “s” strip and the height. [28] designed a three band planar antenna covering GSM and Wi-Fi frequency bands along with Sierpinski and meander slits on Arlon substrate. The compact dual band antenna [29] designed for DCS application measuring 30 mm × 30 mm with both the layers of the substrate with CPW feed is reported in the literature. Hence, a self-affine structure with fractal geometry has been proposed to avoid such complications in designing and tuning to fulfill a variety of wireless applications with a low cost FR4 substrate.
2. Proposed Design Methodologies
2.1. Proposed Self-Affine Technique
The proposed self-affine cantor is a rectangle and is called an initiator S1 shown in Figure 1(a). Based on iterative function (IF), the initiator S1 is scaled at center by a factor of two along its length and width of equal dimension, which leads to four rectangles. The topmost corner region is removed thereby retaining the remaining regions as shown in Figure 1(b). Initially, S1 is made to resonate at design frequency by selecting coaxial feed technique. This process is a repetitive procedure and is continued up to nth iteration. Iterative function (IF) for self-affine set is described using (1) and the corresponding values are shown in Figure 2.
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2.2. Antenna Design Procedure
The self-affine antenna is developed on a FR4 substrate whose thickness is 1.6 mm, , and tan with ground plane at the bottom. The initiator (S1) measures 38.6 mm × 28.75 mm × 1.6 mm which resonates near 2.4 GHz. Then, S1 is iterated to obtain (S2) up to (S4) as guided by iterative function, in order to achieve multiband characteristics and the optimized size as shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The set and subsets are assumed in anticlockwise direction for convenience.
The iterative function (IF) of the antenna is derived as follows:
is a set which is spanned by Equation (2) holds true for remaining subsets
Repetition holds true values of (except) X3,
Similarly the process can be repeated. But, total volume reduces compared to the original size. The performance of the antenna at different iteration has been investigated using advanced design systems momentum.
The performance for coaxial feed of the self-affine cantor is plotted against frequency and is shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5 and the corresponding values are tabulated in Table 1. The performance of self-affine cantor which is obtained at −10 dB references covers the nearby frequency bands. The antenna covers the neighboring frequency bands thereby providing a greater than −20 dB for a feed position and multiband characteristics for all the other positions. As iteration (n) increases, the slots grow at the centre and the staircase projections increase diagonally from to right reveling the affinity concept. Simulated covers and fulfills the GSM band, WLAN, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, WiMAX, PCS, DCS, and UMTS requirements.
2.3. Antenna Fabrication and Testing
The proposed cantor is etched on FR4 substrate whose specifications have been discussed in Section 2.2, with 8 : 1 ratio of ferric chloride and dilutes hydrochloric acid. The optimized antenna measures 38.734 mm × 28.757 mm as shown in Figure 2(e). Here, coaxial feed is considered at 21.56 mm × 1.89 mm. The radiation pattern is obtained in a anechoic chamber of 8 m × 4 m × 4 m (L × W × H) dimensions at 1.95 GHz, 2 GHz and 2.45 GHz, for and planes against, standard gain of the pyramidal horn antenna (450 MHz–6 GHz) and Agilent PNA 5230A vector network analyzer (10 MHz–6 GHz) is shown in Figure 6. The antenna pattern is omnidirectional with slight variations; this may be because of the surrounding reflections caused during measurements. The resonant behavior of the proposed antenna is measured using Agilent network analyzer with −10 dB as references is obtained and the corresponding values are tabulated in Table 2. The simulated and measured gives a good agreement as shown in Figure 7. The performance of the antenna is compared against earlier published self-affine fractal antenna as depicted in Figure 8. The antenna designed for 2.4 GHz resonates for 0.9 GHz, 1.075 GHz, 1.25 GHz, and 1.95 GHz with 11.5931 dBi, 9.43717 dBi, 8.25 dBi, and 3.69 dBi gain in that order. The self-affine fractal cantor provides multi-band characteristics at 2.402 GHz with a parameter −30.69 dB.
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3. Conclusion
A compact multiband low profile planar antenna designed at 2.4 GHz exhibiting multiband characteristics which crowns WLAN IEEE 802.11b and IEEE802.15, PCS, GSM lowerband, GSM higher band, DCS, IMT, UMTS, Wi-Fi, and WLAN wireless applications. The compact multiband self-affine antenna maintains a of −30.69 at design frequency. The gain of the antenna is simulated at 0.9 GHz, 1.075 GHz, and 1.25 GHz with a gain of 11.5931 dBi, −9.43717 dBi, and 8.25 dBi, respectively. At design frequency the and planes have gain 4.46 dBi and 7.17 dBi, respectively. The authors have chosen a FR4 substrate which is low in cost and lossy in nature, approximately 30% of the wave form is above the reference level and this might be due to the imperfect finishing caused by fabrication.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by Agilent-Multipurpose Lab Station, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore India.