Propagation and Wireless Channel Modeling Development on Wide-Sense Vehicle-to-X Communications

Table 1

Channel characteristics of T2X, V2X, and standard scenarios.

Category	Scenarios	Path loss exponent	Standard deviation of shadowing [dB]	𝐾-factor/Nakagami-𝑚	Delay spread (mean) [ns]
T2X	Viaduct	2–4	2–4	𝐾: 3.8–8.3 dB	192
V2X	Highway	1.8–4	4.0–6.1	𝐾: 3.3–4.3 dB	30–340
V2X	Rural	1.79–4	—	—	20–150
Standard	Suburban	2.4–4.0	4–8	𝐾: 9 dB	59–84
Standard	Rural; macrocell	2.2–2.5	4–8	𝐾: 7 dB	36.8–42.1
Standard	Moving networks; BS-MRS, rural	1.9–2.2	4	𝐾: 7 dB	40–55
T2X	Cutting	2.5–4	3–5	𝐾: 1.88 dB	—
V2X	Suburban	2.1–3.9	—	𝐾: 2.1 dB	20–150
Standard	Indoor to Outdoor/outdoor to indoor	2	7	𝐾: 3.2 dB	34–40
Standard	Typical urban; macrocell	2.6	4–8	𝐾: 7 dB	85.4
T2X	Tunnel	1.8–3	5–8	𝑚: 0.8–5.4	15–40
T2X	Station	3–5	3–5	𝐾: 0.5–5.4 dB	—
V2X	Urban	1.61	4.2–6.7	𝐾: 3–6.7 dB	3–1100
Standard	Indoor office/residential	1.9	3-4	𝐾: 7 dB	14.2–43
Standard	Typical urban; microcell	2.3–4	3-4	𝐾: 9 dB	37–74
Standard	Large indoor/hall	1.4–3.8	3-4	𝐾: 2 dB	23.7–40.8