Abstract
In today’s mobile device market, there is a strong need for efficient antenna miniaturization. Tunable antennas are a very promising way to reduce antenna volume while enlarging its operating bandwidth. MEMS tunable capacitors are state-of-the-art in terms of insertion loss. Their characteristics are used in this investigation. This paper uses field simulations to highlight the trade-offs between the design of the tuner and the design of the antenna, especially the impact of the location of the tuner and the degree of miniaturization. Codesigning the tuner and the antenna is essential to optimize radiated performance.
1. Introduction
With their increasing functionality, mobile phones are embedding better screens, better cameras, larger batteries, and more antennas, among others. In order to keep the portability of such device, a very high degree of integration is required. Chipset miniaturization has seen a large success over the last years [1]; however, antenna volume is ruled by fundamental laws [2] that relate size, efficiency, and bandwidth. To support the latest mobile communication standards, long-term evolution (LTE), and LTE-advanced (LTE-A), the antennas need to operate in frequency bands ranging from 698 MHz to 2.690 GHz. In order to maintain good performance throughout such a large bandwidth with a conventional design, the antenna volume must be increased.
Nowadays, the most common types of antenna designs for mobile phones are classified into two categories: self-resonating elements and nonresonating elements (also known as capacitive coupling elements). Self-resonating multiband antennas can cover several bands simultaneously. Literature reports a coverage up to 9 simultaneous bands. These antennas are space consuming as the antenna volume increases nearly linearly with the number of bands supported. For example, [3] occupies a volume of 4.6 cc to cover all GSM bands, the antenna presented in [4] covers the GSM, DCS, PCS, and UMTS bands in a volume of 1.9 cc, and [5] needs about 7 cc to also include GPS, Bluetooth, WLAN, AMPS, and DVB-H bands. Nonresonating antennas exhibit a lower profile and exploit the ground plane modes to obtain a large bandwidth. Hence, covering the lowest LTE band is possible. However, this type of antennas typically uses several matching components at the feed, which affects the total efficiency. For example, [6] covers down to 700 MHz in 2.5 cc, but with a total efficiency dropping to 55%. Additionally, nonresonating antennas fully utilize the ground plane, which complicates decoupling, required for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique in LTE and LTE-A.
Modern phones have antennas that exhibit a very low profile, at the cost of their performance. The investigation in [7] shows total radiated power (TRP) and total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) values in the presence of hand and head phantoms, for popular smart-phones in 2012. For example, TRP ranges from 16.6 dBm to 20.1 dBm in the GSM-900 band. Before 2000, handsets with a patch antenna performed with TRP values of about 26 dBm [8], in the presence of a user for GSM-900. Today’s phones exhibit poor antenna efficiency, it can be as low as −7.7 dB [9] in free space. This phenomenon is due to the ever increasing number of bands to cover the constrained space available for the antenna. It has led to antenna designs exhibiting a wide but mismatched antenna impedance [9]. Efficient miniaturization has not happened yet in commercial devices.
To address the bandwidth-size challenge of modern antennas, tunable antennas are investigated. They use a tunable component in order to reconfigure their resonance frequency. These antennas exhibit an instantaneous narrow bandwidth, that can be reconfigured to a wide range of frequencies, thus resulting in an effectively wide bandwidth. As the antenna is designed for a narrow bandwidth, it can have a very low profile. In the architecture proposed in [10], the antenna only needs to cover a channel (maximum 20 MHz in LTE and LTE-A). Exploiting the narrow-band property of tunable antennas, very compact designs can be made. In [10], the radiators only occupy 1.0 cc and cover operating bands between 600 MHz and 2.1 GHz. Tunable antennas have a tremendous potential for miniaturization.
The performance of tunable antennas is tested over-the-air [11] and relies on an efficient codesign of the radiator and the tuner. The objective of this paper is to investigate the trade-offs and the requirements between the antenna designers and the tuner designers. Codesigning the antenna and the tuner is essential to manufacture small and efficient tunable antennas. Section 2 compares the different tuning technologies. Section 3 describes the impacts of the location of the tuner on the antenna design. Section 4 investigates the requirements on the tuner for different levels of miniaturization. Finally, Section 5 discloses the conclusions.
2. Tuning Elements
Because reconfiguring the resonance frequency of an antenna allows to extend its operating bandwidth without modifying its physical size, tunable antennas are very promising to address the antenna miniaturization challenge. There are several components that can be used to tune the resonance frequency of an antenna. To name the most common ones, there are switched capacitors, tunable substrates, and microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS).
The switching approach combines a single-pole-multiple-throw (SPnT) switch and a bank of capacitors to choose from. It uses most commonly field effect transistors (FET) which leads to an intrinsically low breakdown voltage and power handling, limiting its application to mobile communication standards [12]. PIN diodes can handle more power; however, they exhibit a higher insertion loss, a smaller tuning range, and a higher power consumption [13].
Tunable substrates (also known as paraelectric solutions) provide variable capacitance without the need for a FET switch, thus increasing the quality factor () of the component. It uses barium strontium titanate (BST) which causes the design to have issues with linearity.
In the mechanism of MEMS tunable capacitors, an electrostatic force actuates a beam. When the beam is down, only dielectric separates it from the metal trace below it and the capacitor is on. When the beam is up, an additional air gap separates the beam from the metal trace and the capacitor is off [12]. With this architecture, the RF path is a metal trace. Therefore, MEMS capacitors offer significantly higher and linearity than the previous solutions. Additionally, the structure of the component allows for the handling of higher voltages. Tunability can also be realized using varactors, as in [14–17]. However, the limit on maximum achievable capacitance and the high bias voltage requirements reduce the flexibility of such tuning technique.
MEMS tunable solutions are state-of-the-art in terms of insertion loss and power consumption. The following investigations are made considering that the tuner is a MEMS tunable capacitor. More specifically, a commercially available tuner is used [18] that exhibits a tuning range from 1 pF to 4.875 pF with steps of 125 fF.
3. Tuner Location Trade-Offs
In order to reconfigure the resonance frequency of an antenna, one can choose to place a tuner at different locations. These locations depend on the antenna type and the tuning objectives. In the case of antennas based on wideband coupling elements, the tuner is typically placed at the feed to match the antenna to different operating frequencies simultaneously [6, 19–21] or instantaneously [22–25]. Frequency reconfigurability can also be achieved by loading the antenna structure itself [26–28] or by placing the tuner between the antenna element and the ground plane [29–35]. The latter is the most common use of tunable MEMS capacitors; therefore, this placement will be used for the following investigation. The following is illustrated with a low-band design.
3.1. Simulation Results
The antenna design described in Figure 1 is chosen for this investigation. Simulations are conducted with the transient solver, based on finite-element method (FEM), of the CST software [36]. It is a typical planar-inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for mobile phone application and addresses the low-bands of LTE, 698 MHz to 960 MHz. The position of the tuner () is given in mm away from the feed, at the edge of the antenna and the ground plane. The instantaneous bandwidth of the antenna is determined by the height of the PIFA above the ground plane (). When mm, the bandwidth of the antenna, at −6 dB return loss, equals 34 MHz, centered in 960 MHz. The initial resonance frequency of the proposed design is 960 MHz, as it is the high bound of the low bands of 4 G. Tuning enables it to cover the 261 MHz required for LTE, as shown with the simulations of Figure 2. This design uses a tunable capacitor placed at the position mm, providing varying capacitance from 1 pF to 4.875 pF.
The location of the tuner on the antenna structure has an impact on the specifications required for the MEMS tunable capacitor, that is, insertion loss (), voltage across the tuner (), tuning step (), and maximum capacitance (). The insertion loss of the tuner depends on its maximum equivalent series resistance () and the current that flows to it.
In this investigation, it has been set that the efficiency should be better or equal to 50% throughout the operable bandwidth. This means that dB at 700 MHz, low bound of 4 G bands. Indeed, the antenna radiation efficiency degrades as it is tuned further away from its original resonance frequency. That is because higher fields concentrate around the antenna structure, inducing larger currents to the capacitor. Therefore, larger currents to the ESR of the capacitor cause higher loss. Hence, the lowest efficiency is observed at the lowest operating frequency of the tunable antenna. With dB at 700 MHz, will be equal to 2 dB at 800 MHz and 1 dB at 900 MHz.
In order to demonstrate the trade-offs linked to the position of the tuner on the antenna, different locations of the tuner are simulated and compared. The position of the tuner varies in arbitrary steps from 5 mm away from the feed (high current location) to 55 mm away from the feed (high voltage location). The antenna is continuously tuned from 960 MHz to 700 MHz. The requirements on the tuner, depending on its location, are summarized in Table 1, for 700 MHz, where the requirements are the toughest, since the fields are the highest. It is observed that the requirements on and are toughened as the tuner is placed further away from the feed. Similarly, the requirements on the and are toughened as the tuner is placed closer to the feed. Indeed, as decreases, the current flowing to the capacitor increases and the ESR of the tuner dissipates more power. Thus, it needs to be smaller to keep the efficiency at 50%. One can notice that the impact of the tuner location on the tuner design is significant, as its requirements on and are nearly quadrupled, and its requirements on are nearly ten times toughened. Moreover, if the allows it, the most efficient location for a tuner is the furthest from the feed, as the power dissipation due to the ESR will be minimized. Therefore, this location is used for the investigation of Section 4. The achievable bandwidth only varies by 1 MHz, depending on the different locations of the tuner.
3.2. Measurement Results
A demonstrator of the presented antenna is built and shown in Figure 3. The tuner was placed at mm due to schematic limitations on the demonstrator board. This position only allows for the tuning of the antenna to 800 MHz, with a tuner exhibiting 4.875 pF tuning range. Continuous tuning is shown in Figure 4. The demonstrator was measured in Satimo StarLab and exhibited a total efficiency () of −2.0 dB at 900 MHz and −3.2 dB at 800 MHz. The includes mismatch loss and 0.8 dB of trace loss. Improvements in the ESR will directly improve the measured .
4. Antenna Miniaturization Trade-Offs
4.1. Theory
The antenna quality factor () is a measure that can be translated into antenna volume, stored energy, or bandwidth. These relations are detailed in [37]. In order to understand the trade-offs of miniaturization, one needs to understand the consequences of decreasing antenna volume on the .
relates to volume as follows [38]: where is the radius of an imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna and is the wave number. As the volume occupied by the antenna decreases the increases, at a given angular frequency (). The is also related to the instantaneous bandwidth of the antenna, for single resonance antennas. The relationship between and fractional bandwidth (FBW) is [37] where is the FBW matched to a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and is the specific value of the VSWR. The antenna bandwidth is inversely proportional to . Thus, the volume is proportional to the antenna bandwidth. That is to say, when the antenna volume decreases, the bandwidth does as well. Finally, the is also a measure of the stored energy () in the antenna structure versus the accepted power () [37]
Therefore, the larger the , the larger the stored energy. Thus, larger fields are confined in the antenna structure. Consequently, larger currents and voltages flow to the tuner, impacting insertion loss and voltage handling. To sum up, as the antenna becomes smaller, its bandwidth decreases and the tuning capacitor needs to have better characteristics in order to cope with the increased fields.
4.2. Example
The above is illustrated using a high-band design to emphasize how small an antenna can get. In the following, a design addressing band 41 [2.496 GHz–2.690 GHz] will be presented and used for the miniaturization investigation. The antenna is placed on a 120 mm × 55 mm ground plane and its geometry is described in Figure 5. Simulations are conducted using the transient solver of CST [36]. Three ports are placed on the antenna, where port 1 represents the feed, port 2 presents the tuner, and port 3 presesnts the short. The tuner is placed the furthest form the feed, given the results of Section 3. The design is modified in order to have four different models with four different initial bandwidths. The width of the top plate () and its height () are the main parameters controlling the bandwidth of the antenna, that is, . The length parameter () varies accordingly, in order to adjust the initial resonance to 2.690 GHz. Five antenna designs are simulated (D0–D4), with initial bandwidths varying from 168 MHz to 32 MHz. The geometry required for each of these cases is described in Table 2. The characteristics of the five designs are summarized in Table 3, especially the volume, the bandwidth at the high bound of band 41 (), and the bandwidth at 2.400 GHz (). Implementing tuning allows to have tremendously small antenna designs; for example, D4 is ten times smaller than D1 and still cover the required band with tuning.
All four designs are tuned to 2.400 GHz. As the antenna becomes narrow-band, that is, smaller, it will store higher fields and impact the and . In order to maintain 50% total efficiency at 2.400 GHz, the needs to decrease as the bandwidth decreases. D4 occupies 1/10 of the volume of D1 and needs an four times smaller. Simultaneously, the needs to increase as the antenna becomes smaller. D4 requires a three times larger. The results are summarized in Table 4. Both the antenna volume and the ESR of the tuner can be expressed in terms of values. is calculated using (2). It is the unloaded , meaning that it is calculated based on a lossless simulation. Table 5 compares the values between the antenna design and the MEMS capacitor design leading to 3 dB . The is calculated as detailed in (4), where is the capacitance. It is observed that the ratio between and leading to 50% total efficiency is nearly constant and equals 1.5
4.3. Measurements
(1) High-Band Tuning. A demonstrator is built for the design D0, as it is shown in Figure 6. The dimensions of the board are 120 mm × 55 mm. In practice, the antenna is soldered directly on the feeding pad of the board; therefore, mm. The tuner is a MEMS tunable capacitor [18] and it is connected to the antenna from the other side of the board. In order to deal with the small minimum capacitance () required for the proposed designed, a series capacitor is placed between the antenna and the tuner according to the schematics depicted in Figure 7. The series capacitor has a value of 0.6 pF, which decreases the from 1 pF (original value for the commercial tuner) to 0.375 pF. Moreover, the addition of the series capacitor decreases .
Continuous tuning from 2.7 GHz (high bound of 4 G) to 2.4 GHz (WiFi) is shown in Figure 8. On can see that, as the antenna is tuned further away from its natural resonance frequency, the tuning steps are reduced. This is due to the insertion of the series capacitor. The of the demonstrator was measured with 3D-pattern integration tehnique using Satimo StarLab. The results are shown for three tuning stages in Figure 9. Due to the low (wide bandwidth) and the position of the tuner (furthest from the feed), fields strength is kept low and the demonstrator is efficient. Moreover, the efficiency remains quasiconstant throughout tuning: −2.0 dB to −2.5 dB. It includes mismatch loss and trace loss on the board (0.8 dB).
(2) Miniaturization. Using the design techniques of the above-presented antennas, a new design is built to address the low bands of 4 G. This design is identical to D0, except for that is equal to 10 mm instead of 5 mm. The electrical dimensions of the antenna are electrically small. At 700 MHz, the maximum antenna dimension (10 mm) represents 1/42th of the wavelength. This experiment tests the limitations of miniaturization.
Given the tuner properties (tuning range from 1 pF to 4.875 pF [18]), an additional fixed capacitor is placed in series with the tuner, in order to have enough capacitance to reach 700 MHz. The schematic is shown in Figure 10.
The demonstrator is shown in Figures 11 and 12. The antenna volume is 0.5 cc for operation in the low LTE bands. The frequency reconfigurability of the antenna is plotted in Figure 13 and shows continuous tuning from 940 MHz to 700 MHz. With the operating frequencies being very far from the natural resonance frequency of the antenna design, the unloaded is very large. It is simulated to be larger than 300, which means that the antenna is very sensitive to the insertion loss of the tuner. The demonstrator is measured in the Satimo StarLab and is computed with 3D-pattern integration technique. The results are shown in Figure 14 for three different tuning stages. The includes the mismatch loss (less than 0.5 dB) and the loss of the traces in the board (0.8 dB). Efficiency degradation is observed as the antenna is tuned towards lower frequencies. For the lowest operating frequencies, the reaches −11 dB. The limitation of miniaturization with tuners is the achievable efficiency of the system. The cause of loss is twofold: the metal loss due to nonperfect conductor (copper) and the ESR loss due to increasing and field strength around the tuner, thus currents in the ESR. The net ESR of the tuner and interconnects used on the board is equal to 2 and causes most of the loss for this very high antenna. Thus, the efficiency will significantly improve by using a newer generation of tuners that exhibits a lower ESR along with improvements in the interconnects. In order to get a loss of 3 dB at 700 MHz for the proposed design, the effective ESR should be reduced to 0.2.
5. Conclusion
This work has detailed the interdependency of the antenna design and the tuner design. The presented investigations have highlighted the importance of codesigning the tuner and the antenna. Examples have been given for a low-band antenna design as well as for a high-band antenna design. The design trade-offs come from two sources. On one hand, the required characteristics of the tunable capacitor relate to its location on the antenna. On the other hand, they relate to the antenna initial bandwidth, in other words the . Depending on its application, the tunable antenna will require a certain volume and, together with the location of the tuner, they will determine a set of tuner parameters (ESR, voltage handling and maximum capacitance) to realize an optimized design. The required characteristics of the tuner are strongly dependent on its location; for example, the required capacitance steps can be up to 10 times smaller, if placed far from the feed.
Using tunable components, the antenna volume can be dramatically decreased and the efficiency can remain above 50% as long as the ratio between and the unloaded is about 1.5. Demonstrators have been built supporting the investigation on codesigning trade-offs. Efficiency of tunable antennas can be optimized. The limits of miniaturization lie in the achievable antenna efficiency, which determines the feasibility of the system. Improvements in tuner insertion loss will directly improve the total efficiency of tunable antennas and highlight their tremendous potential for miniaturization.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.