Abstract
Triple band parasitic array antenna for C-X-Ku-band application is presented. The proposed antenna is designed using the concept of parasitic array and out-of-phase coupling approach. The objects of research are to optimize total inductance of geometry by using out-of-phase inductance approach. The out of phase inductance of geometry consists of using two U-patches novel director on the left side of geometry, appropriate dimension of ground plan, and gap coupling between parasitic and active patches. The dimension of the ground plan geometry is 0.5λ mil × 0.5154λ mil. The usable impedance bandwidth of design antenna is “5.8 GHz to 18 GHz” (102% impedance bandwidth) and gain enhancement is up to 11.8 dBi. The proposed antenna can be used for X-Ku band and C-band applications. Both simulated and measured results are presented, which are in good agreement. The proposed antenna was fabricated with a thin copper layer printed on a thin lossy FR4 substrate for low-cost production.
1. Introduction
An explosive growth of the wireless radio a communication system is currently observed in the microwave band. In [1], a dual-frequency antenna based on the Sierpinski fractal with two parasitic patches to enhance the impedance bandwidth was presented. An electrical circuit model is formed by RLC resonators to learn about the antenna physical behaviour and to achieve the dual band operation minimizing a trial-and error numerical/measurement proofs. The antenna designed, using a method of moment, obtained two bands with a broad bandwidth and similar radiation patterns. In [2], a triple-frequency antenna is designed having a dual-band and monoband antenna with broadside radiation patterns. The dual-band antenna is inspired in the Sierpinski fractal. Such a dual-band antenna is stacked over a monoband antenna. The antenna presented a broadband behavior at each band using parasitic patches. The antenna is designed using a MoM commercial code, obtaining three bands with a broad bandwidth, high efficiency, and similar radiation patterns. Huang et al. [3] presented a microstrip antenna design that effectively circular polarized (CP) and suppressed harmonics. By modifying the size and position of two peripheral cuts, two orthogonal modes that have equal amplitude and are 90 out of phase were simultaneously excited. The four right-angle slits embedded in the antenna can block the second- and third-order harmonic signals. The adopted CP antenna built on a low-cost FR4 substrate measured bandwidth of 137 MHz (10-dB return loss) and a 30-MHz CP bandwidth (3-dB axial ratio). This work is further extended in [4] where a triband dual-polarization (TBDP) shared aperture microstrip array antenna is designed for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) application. It operates in L-S-X Bands with a frequency ratio of 1 : 2.8 : 8. This TBDP shared aperture array is assembled by two L/S and L/X DBDP shared-aperture sub arrays with one L-band dual-polarized sub array, which exhibits wide impedance bandwidth of 13.4%, 14.8%, and 16.8% in L-S band and X-bands. Usable bandwidth of design antenna is further modified in [5], a printed wide-slot antenna with a parasitic patch for bandwidth enhancement, which is 80% for dB ranging from “2.23 GHz to 5.35 GHz.” Work further carried in [5–8], in [8] presented a novel compact ultra wideband (UWB) printed slot antenna with three extra bands for various wireless applications. The low-profile antenna consists of an octagonal-shaped slot fed by a beveled and stepped rectangular patch for covering the UWB band (“3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz”). In [7], a new design of a compact ultra wideband (UWB) antenna with multiple bands notched characteristic utilized a C-shape ground to realize miniaturization and two mushroom-type electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures to create notched bands. The antenna achieved an operation frequency band from “3 GHz to 13 GHz” (10 GHz Bandwidth slot). Modification of paper [7] done in [8], where a compact planar ultra wideband (UWB) antenna is designed for wireless universal serial bus (USB) dongle application. Cutting 7 notches and embedding types of slots into a rectangular patch, multiple resonances with effective bandwidth enhancement is achieved. This prototype antenna is constructed and measured to show an ultra wide operating band with 10-dB return-less bandwidth of about 10.42 GHz ranging from “2.86 GHz to 13.38 GHz,” highest bandwidth modification done in [9]. The gain enhancement technique is displayed, which loosely configured grooved ground plan able to significantly enhance the gain of a standard patch antenna with a flat, electrically large ground plan. Simulation and measurement results show the enhancement of the gain up to 10.2 dBi at 10.45 GHz and the proposed antenna is designed to achieve usable bandwidth 12.2 GHz from “5.8 GHz to 18.15 GHz.” The proposed design of antenna in this paper is modification of [6–9] to achieve more −10 dB impedance bandwidth slot and directivity.
2. Proposed Geometry Design
The Proposed Geometry consists of(i) mil air gap between top and bottom layer,(ii)geometry which consists of glass epoxy PCB and air gap (FR-4 − air-FR-4) material,(iii)total height of geometry which is 3.07 mm (from a ground plan to top layer),(iv)middle layer driven element which has patch dimension mm × 11.32 mm (0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm),(v)top parasitic patches which have dimension of mm × 3.81 mm (0.044λ mm × 0.066λ mm) used as director,(vi)the dimensions of ground plan which is 28.87 mm × 29.76 mm (0.05λ mm × 0.05154λ mm) used as a reflector.
The geometry consists of two U-type patches on the left side of the top layer shown in Figure 2. The proposed geometry is simulated using IE3D simulator.
3. Mutual Coupling Approach for Designing of Proposed Antenna
The proposed antenna is design to reduce the total mutual inductance of geometry, in geometry U-type patch directors is configured in out-of-phase mutual coupling through vertical arms of U-patch is shown in Figure 3. Two sections of U-patch carrying currents in the same direction have positive mutual inductance here as the inductance is negative for a current flowing in opposite directions is shown in Figure 4. The lengthening of the effective patch’s surface current paths is due to the additional downward paths in the added rims, which is different from that of the meandered designs; a relatively very small perturbation on the excited surface current distribution in the radiating patch is expected. This implies that it is possible for the radiation characteristics of this compact design to be as good as those of a corresponding conventional patch antenna with a planar radiating patch. Adjacent resonant modes with similar radiation characteristics can be excited at frequencies close to each other, resulting in a wide bandwidth microstrip antenna. Furthermore by properly adjusting the parameters of slots, both of the adjacent resonant modes could achieve good impedance matching, which makes the antenna broadband and compact: where is the effective length of the arms between 1 and 3, which calculated the mutual inductance . Dimensions of and are in microns and is in nanohenries. As an approximation, can be considered an average length for three sections , is an effective length of the sections 3 and 4, and is the effective length of sections 1 and 6. and are distance between 1 and 6, 3 and 4, respectively. and are mutual inductance between 1 and 6, 3 and 4, respectively.
So total inductance of U-patch is The free-space inductance (in nanohenries) of a width of U-patch is and length, (in microns) given by [10, 11].
For = length of U-patch, = width of U-patch: where The inductor produced by the probe is given by where is the conductivity of the wire material. For gold wires, , where frequency is expressed in gigahertz. When are small, .
3.1. Ground Plan Effect
The effect of the ground plan on the inductance value of an antenna has also been considered [12]. If the radiating patch is at a distance above the ground plan as shown in Figure 1, it sees its image at 2 h from it. The U-Slot patches and its image consists mutual inductance . Because the image of antenna carries a current opposite to the current flow in the patch, the mutual inductance of the antenna is calculated from (6) by mutual coupling approach
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4. Optimization Using Ground Plan
In this optimization section, proposed antenna is optimized using only change in dimension of ground plan. The dimension of ground plan severely has an effect on reflected signal; according to (10), is mutual inductance of ground plan and depends on the dimensions length of ground plan, width of ground plan, total height of antenna, loss tangent of dielectric material, and conductivity of ground plan. When the dimensions of ground plan increase the mutual inductance of the ground plan also increases so that overall out-of-phase inductance increases as per (2) and total dominate inductance of proposed design is reduced and achieved reduction in reflected signal; this optimization approach provides impedance matching over a wide band of frequency and this approach is more feasible and easy. When the dimension of ground plan changes from 11.43 × 13.97 mm2 to 28.87 × 29.76 mm2, simultaneously the useful −10 dB impedance matching bandwidth slot improves from 8 GHz to 12.2 GHz. After 28.87 × 29.76 mm2 ground dimension, the increment in dimension of ground plan is not feasible because size of antenna is not compatible over a useful bandwidth slot and therefore optimization is done up to 28.87 × 29.76 mm2 only.
4.1. Optimization Using Ground Plan Dimensions 11.43 × 13.97 mm2
In this optimization section, the dimensions of ground plan are changed; the dimension of ground plan is 11.43 × 13.97 mm2 and achieved −10 dB impedance bandwidth 8 GHz is shown in Figure 5(a).
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4.2. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions 12.7 × 12.7 mm2
In this optimization section, the dimension of ground plan is 12.7 × 12.7 mm2 and obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth 8.9 GHz is shown in Figure 5(b).
4.3. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions Is 12.7 × 13.97 mm2
In this optimization section, the dimension of ground plan is 12.7 × 13.97 mm2 and obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth 9 GHz is shown in Figure 5(c).
4.4. Optimization Using Ground Plan of Dimensions Is 28.87 × 29.76 mm2
From the validation of proposed geometry in IE3D simulator, obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.2 GHz and return losses of −20 dB as shown in Figure 5(d). Simulation results obtained for 5.8 to 18 GHz frequency slots and at 12 GHz achieved −20 dB return loss.
The results of all optimization section using ground plan are shown in Table 2.
5. Results and Discussion
The proposed structure consists of one reflector of dimension 0.5λ mm × 0.5154λ mm. The dimensions of reflector give 180 deg phase shift so that all the reflected waves will be reflected from the reflector and move towards the director and achieved elimination of reflected waves over wide range of frequency. The dimension of the driven element is 0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm giving 70 deg phase shift for forward wave with the intention that wave is coupled more towards the director. In antenna theory gain, bandwidth does not increase simultaneously if gain of the antenna is more than bandwidth of antenna which is less but in our design required optimal gain over a broad bandwidth therefore considered an appropriate dimension, 0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm dimensions for driving element; the spacing between elements is = 0.038λ mm and = 0.02λ mm; the spacing between elements gives 10 deg phase shift so that the signal cannot losses between elements and maximum signal coupled to director. The dimension of U-type novel director is 0.044λ mil × 0.066λ mil; director exists in 13 deg phase shift and consequently all forward wave has received and again has been amplified by the director so that it achieved optimum gain from 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz.
The wide band operation is obtained from proposed structures. The 0.5λ mm × 0.5154λ mm ground plan is inductive in nature in order to provided impedance matching for lower frequency. The middle layer patch 0.1808λ mm × 0.1962λ mm is resistive in nature and provided impedance matching for middle frequency. The top layer patch 0.044λ mm × 0.066λ mm, is capacitive in nature and provided impedance matching for high frequency. Appropriate U-type patches and appropriate dimensions of ground plan reduced total inductance of geometry by increasing out-of-phase inductance of geometry and providing impedance matching over broad bandwidth, the range of broad band decided by the length, width of U-type patch, spacing between U Type patches, and dimension of ground plan.
5.1. Return Losses versus Frequency
From the validation of proposed geometry in IE3D simulator, −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.2 GHz as is shown in Figure 6 and return losses of −20 dB. Simulation results obtained for 5.8 to 18 GHz frequency slots.
5.2. Gain versus Frequency
The simulation result in Figure 7 concluded that out-of-phase coupling severely reduced the inductance of design and improved gain, achieved gain 4 dBi to 11.8 dBi; the maximum value of gain 11.8 dBi is at 15.97 GHz.
5.3. Current Density at Different Frequency for Geometry-I
Using IE3D simulator observed current density, the current density analysis is shown in Figure 8 and found higher current density towards a higher range of frequency and obtained higher radiating and antenna efficiency towards the higher edge of frequency.
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All comparison results for geometry are shown in Table 1 which shows comparable results in terms of VSWR, return losses (S11 ≤ −10 dB), and impedance bandwidth, analyzed geometry, and got impedance bandwidth VSWR ≤ 2 and −10 dB and impedance bandwidth up to 12.2 GHz (Table 3). The gain of geometry in Figure 8 varies from 5 dBi to 11.8 dBi. The proposed geometry is appropriate for C-band, X-band and Ku-band application. Fabricated and validation is done for the proposed geometry.
5.4. Radiation Pattern
5.4.1. Elevation Radiation Pattern at GHz, phi deg
See Figure 9(a).
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5.4.2. Elevation Radiation Pattern at GHz, phi deg
See Figure 9(b).
Current distribution simulation shows what areas of the antenna are excited (Figure 8). It is interesting to note that the current distribution does not follow any regular pattern as in the case of regular shapes. At 10.45 GHz, 12.11 GHz, 15.97 GHz, 16.24 GHz, 17.07 GHz, and 18.17 GHz the gain values are 4 dBi, 8 dBi, 11.8 dBi, 11.7 dBi, 10.11 dBi, and 8.2 dBi, respectively. In conclusion, it can be seen from the simulation results that the antenna performs well at the operating frequency 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz. There is also some deviation from the theoretically expected operating frequency; the main reason for this is the discretization applied during simulation.
5.4.3. Elevation Radiation Pattern at GHz, phi deg
See Figure 9(c).
5.4.4. Elevation Radiation Pattern at GHz, phi deg
See Figure 9(d).
5.4.5. Elevation Radiation Pattern at GHz, phi deg
See Figure 9(e).
5.4.6. Elevation Radiation Pattern at GHz, phi deg
See Figure 9(f).
6. Fabrication of Proposed Structure
The fabricate antenna used FR-4 and air, the layout of the antenna is designed in AUTO CAD software, its etching is done using ferric-chloride acid. For feeding SMA connector is used (Figure 10).
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7. Hardware Validation of Fabricated Antenna
There are some deviation 0.108 values from the theoretically expected; the main reason for this is the discretization applied during simulation. Figure 11 shows hardware validation of fabricated antenna.
8. Conclusion
In this paper, the out-of-phase inductance coupling approach is used for designing of proposed geometry; the out-of-phase inductance consists of two U-type patches and ground plan. This is justified in mutual coupling approach; after the analysis of the results of the proposed antenna, it is concluded that the total inductance is optimized, reflection is reduced and enhanced surface current over wide bandwidth (12.2 GHz); achieved impedance bandwidth S11 (≤−10 dB impedance bandwidth) from 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz is 102%, VSWR ≤ 2 over 12.2 GHz bandwidth slot. Utilized impedance bandwidth, 38% of X-band, 19% of C-band and 45% of Ku-band, achieved gain “4 dBi to 11.8 dBi” over 12.2 GHz impedance bandwidth slot. This proposed antenna geometry can be used for X-band, Ku-band, and C-band application. The hardware validation and simulation results are matched to this design. In this research we observed that ground dimension 0.5λ mm × 0.5154λ mm has improved the efficiency and useful bandwidth of antenna.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.