A Tutorial on Optical Feeding of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antennas for Communication Applications

Table 1

Summary of the noises in optically fed PAAs.

Device	Origin	Type of noise
mm-wave generator	Spontaneous emission	Multiplicative noise
Optical amplifier	Amplified spontaneous emission	Beating noise
Photodiode	Carrier Brownian motion (thermal noise)	Additive (power independent)
	Discrete nature of photons (shot noise)	Additive (power dependent)