Abstract
A stepped cylindrical antenna with a higher-order mode ring patch for wideband conical radiation pattern is proposed. To accomplish a low profile with wideband conical radiation characteristics, a stepped cylindrical monopole and a TM41 higher-order mode ring patch with four shorting pins are utilized. The proposed antenna has a monopole-like radiation pattern with a wide 10-dB return loss bandwidth of 11 GHz (2 GHz–13 GHz). It can cover various wireless services, such as wireless broadband (WiBro; 2.3 GHz–2.39 GHz), wireless local area networks (WLAN; 2.4 GHz–2.484 GHz, 5.15 GHz–5.35 GHz, and 5.725 GHz–5.875 GHz), digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB; 2.63 GHz–2.655 GHz), and ultra wideband (UWB; 3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz). The antenna has a height of only 0.12λ0 at 2 GHz.
1. Introduction
Monopole antennas are widely used in wireless communications since they are inexpensive and have a simple structure and conical radiation pattern. However, the height of a linear vertical monopole of a quarter wavelength () is too large for conformal devices [1]. In particular, antennas for vehicle-mounted devices should have a low profile along with monopole-like radiation characteristics [2, 3]. To fulfill such requirements, patch antennas with a higher-order mode using shorting posts have been suggested [4–6]. In terms of bandwidth, a thin linear monopole has a very narrow return loss bandwidth. Thus, tiny perturbations in operating frequency owing to environmental change will seriously affect its operational behavior [7]. Therefore, many studies have suggested various methods to enhance the antenna bandwidth, such as use of a rectangular patch antenna with corner slits, a printed monopole with a tapered feed line, a folded monopole, and cylindrical monopoles [8–12]. However, these ultra wideband (UWB) antennas still have a considerable vertical length.
In this letter, a stepped cylindrical antenna with a higher-order mode ring patch for wideband conical radiation pattern is proposed. The proposed antenna has conical radiation patterns with a low profile in the wide operating frequency (2 GHz–13 GHz) and it covers various wireless services, such as wireless broadband (WiBro; 2.3 GHz–2.39 GHz), wireless local area networks (WLAN; 2.4 GHz–2.484 GHz, 5.15 GHz–5.35 GHz, 5.725 GHz–5.875 GHz), digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB; 2.63 GHz–2.655 GHz), and UWB (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz).
2. Antenna Geometry and Design
The geometry of the proposed wideband antenna is shown in Figure 1. With a height of 18 mm (0.12 at 2 GHz), the antenna is designed on a ground plane with a radius of 30 mm (0.2 at 2 GHz). It is composed of a stepped cylindrical monopole for UWB and a TM41 higher-order mode ring patch with four shorting pins, which generates additional resonance to broaden the lower frequency band. The stepped cylindrical monopole consists of an upper cylinder with a radius of 6 mm and a height of 13 mm, and a lower cylinder with a radius of 2.5 mm and a height of 3.5 mm. The lower cylinder of the stepped monopole is optimized for broadband impedance matching with the coaxial feed connector having the inner conductor radius of 0.65 mm. The cylindrical monopole is fed by a coaxial cable at the center of the cylinder. To realize additional resonance in the lower frequency band with a conical radiation pattern without increasing the antenna height, an annular ring patch with four shorting pins connected to the ground is designed to generate the TM41 higher-order resonance mode for monopole-like radiation performance [6]. The shorted ring patch has the width of mm; the shorting points are positioned at the center of the ring patch with width . Four shorting pins with a radius of 0.4 mm are symmetrically located at 26 mm from the center of the feed point. The height of the ring patch and all shorting pins is sh mm.
Figure 2 shows the simulated return loss characteristics of the antenna with the wideband design procedure from Steps 1 to 3. The color red indicates the added structure at each step. In Step 1, the cylindrical monopole generates the resonance at the lower band-edge frequency; its resonant frequency is given by [7]where is the height of the cylindrical monopole ( mm), is the radius of the cylindrical monopole ( mm), FG is the feed gap (FG = 1.5 mm), and FR represents the radius of the inner conductor of the coaxial connector (FR = 0.65 mm). The lower band-edge frequency of the UWB service (about 3.08 GHz) is derived from these parameters.
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In Step 2, a stepped cylindrical monopole is added to realize the broad bandwidth. The upper cylinder and lower cylinder sizes are optimized by simulation. The 10-dB return loss bandwidth is improved from 800 MHz (3.5 GHz–4.3 GHz) to 15.3 GHz (3.9–19.2 GHz) by using the stepped cylindrical monopole. However, the overall height of the stepped monopole needs to be increased to extend the lower band frequency limit.
In Step 3, a TM41 higher-order mode shorted ring patch is used to generate additional resonance at 2.2 GHz without increasing the overall antenna height. Although the 10-dB return loss bandwidth of the higher frequency band is partially reduced from the 13 GHz to 14 GHz range by adding the shorted ring patch, the proposed antenna fully covers the UWB band. The result indicates that the higher operating band is due to the stepped cylindrical monopole and that the lower operating band is generated by the shorted ring patch. The simulated 10-dB return loss bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 11 GHz (2 GHz–13 GHz) when width of the ring patch and height sh of the ring patch and shorting pin are equal to 8 mm and 13 mm, respectively. It is confirmed that the proposed antenna is suitable for WiBro, 2.4 GHz/5.2 GHz/5.8 GHz WLAN, DMB, and UWB communication services.
Figure 3(a) depicts the simulated return loss characteristics for different values of width of the shorted ring patch. As increases, the resonance frequency shifts to a lower frequency and the impedance matching is deteriorated. Considering the 10-dB return loss bandwidth, width of the shorted ring patch is selected as 8 mm in this work.
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The simulated return loss characteristics for various heights sh of the shorted ring patch and four shorting pins are shown in Figure 3(b). As sh increases, the resonance frequency shifts to a lower frequency and impedance matching improves. However, after sh = 13 mm, the impedance matching is deteriorated and the antenna cannot satisfy the required 10-dB return loss bandwidth. Height sh of the shorting pins and ring patch is optimized as 13 mm in this design.
Figure 4 illustrates the simulated surface scalar current distributions for various operating frequencies at 2.2 GHz, 4 GHz, 8 GHz, and 12 GHz. It shows that the upper cylinder of the stepped cylindrical monopole is operating for the middle frequency band, while the lower cylinder of stepped cylindrical monopole is operating for the higher frequency band. The shorted structure is for the lower frequency band at approximately 2 GHz.
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The simulated surface vector current distribution on the shorted ring patch at 2.2 GHz is depicted in Figure 5. The fact that the current varies by four cycles along the circumferential direction and by one cycle along the radial direction shows that the antenna is indeed excited by the TM41 higher-order resonance mode for monopole-like radiation [13].
3. Simulated and Measured Results
The fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 6. To coaxially feed the antenna, the SubMiniature version A (SMA) connector is soldered. The stepped cylindrical monopole is manufactured by cutting the copper cylinder. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show the simulated and measured input impedance and return loss characteristics, respectively. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones. The real part of the impedance of the antenna at the frequency where the imaginary part is zero is equal to the antenna impedance at the resonance frequency. The feeding coaxial cable has a 50-Ω characteristic impedance. The measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth of the antenna is 11 GHz (2 GHz–13 GHz), which can fully cover the WiBro, WLAN, DMB, and UWB bands.
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Figure 8 shows the simulated and measured far field radiation patterns in - and -planes at 2.2 GHz, 4 GHz, 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz, and 12 GHz. The measured radiation pattern results agree very well with the simulated ones. The proposed antenna has vertical monopole-like radiation patterns in all operating frequencies from 2 GHz to 12 GHz with a low profile (0.12 at 2 GHz).
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Figure 9 shows the simulated and measured peak gains of the proposed antenna. The measured result agrees reasonably well with the simulated one. The antenna gain varies from 0.7 dBi to 9 dBi over the operating frequency band.
Figure 10 shows the simulated and measured group delay characteristics against frequency. Group delay, the parameter that describes a signal transition time through a device, is important in UWB communication systems. From the results, the group delay variation is less than 1 ns and provides an approximately constant value over the UWB band (3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz). The measured group delay variation is less than 0.5 ns between 1 GHz and 20 GHz; however, minimal discrepancy occurs between the simulated and measured results (1 ns) from 2 GHz to 3 GHz.
4. Conclusion
In this letter, a stepped cylindrical antenna with a higher-order mode ring patch for wideband conical radiation pattern was proposed. The stepped cylindrical monopole and TM41 higher-order mode shorted ring patch are used for monopole-like radiation characteristics with broad bandwidth. The stepped cylindrical monopole was designed for a higher frequency band, such as UWB. Moreover, the shorted ring patch with the TM41 higher-order resonance mode was adopted to generate additional lower frequency bands, such as WiBro, WLAN, and DMB. The 10-dB return loss bandwidth is sufficiently wide to cover WiBro, three WLANs, DMB, and UWB wireless communication services. The proposed antenna has monopole-like radiation patterns in all operating frequencies with a low profile (0.12 at 2 GHz). The results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is well suited for various wireless communication systems.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2015-H8501-15-1006) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & Communications Technology Promotion).