Abstract
The complex frequency shifted (CFS) perfectly matched layer (PML) is proposed for the two-dimensional auxiliary differential equation (ADE) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method combined with Associated Hermite (AH) orthogonal functions. According to the property of constitutive parameters of CFS-PML (CPML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs), the auxiliary differential variables are introduced. And one relationship between field components and auxiliary differential variables is derived. Substituting auxiliary differential variables into CPML ABCs, the other relationship between field components and auxiliary differential variables is derived. Then the matrix equations are obtained, which can be unified with Berenger’s PML (BPML) and free space. The electric field expansion coefficients can thus be obtained, respectively. In order to validate the efficiency of the proposed method, one example of wave propagation in two-dimensional free space is calculated using BPML, UPML, and CPML. Moreover, the absorbing effectiveness of the BPML, UPML, and CPML is discussed in a two-dimensional (2D) case, and the numerical simulations verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
1. Introduction
In the conventional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [1, 2], the time step is constrained by the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability condition. When fine structures such as thin material and slot are simulated, more computer memory and computation time are required. In order to eliminate the CFL stability condition, some unconditionally stable FDTD methods have been developed such as alternating-direction implicit (ADI) method [3], Crank-Nicolson method [4], locally one-dimensional method [5], and Weighted Laguerre Polynomials (WLP) FDTD method [6]. Recently, the Associated Hermite (AH) FDTD methods to model wave propagation have been introduced in [7, 8].
The perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) introduced by Berenger [9] have been widely used for truncating FDTD domains. Some PML variants have been proposed to improve the absorbing effectiveness for various electromagnetic waves, like modified PML (MPML), uniaxial anisotropic PML (UPML), generalized PML (GPML), and so forth. Recently, UPML-ABC for AH-FDTD method [10] is used in conductive medium. According to Kuzuoglu and Mittra in [11], the complex frequency shifted (CFS) PML [12, 13] is the most accurate in all the PML. The frequency-domain coordinate-stretching variable of CFS-PML (CPML) has three adjustable variables, while there are two adjustable variables for UPML-ABC. The reflection error of CPML can be greatly reduced from adjusting variables, and it has been implemented in the Cartesian coordinate, periodic structures, cylindrical coordinates, dispersive materials, WLP-FDTD, and so on.
In this paper, a 2D CPML for auxiliary differential equation (ADE) FDTD method using AH orthogonal functions is proposed. It is shown that the constitutive parameters of CPML are complicated, and if the method in [7] is used directly here, the second derivative field components would be involved and the final matrix equations will also be complex. In order to get a simple and easy formula, the auxiliary differential variables are introduced. Based on the ADE technique [14, 15] and Galerkin temporal testing procedure, one relationship between field components and auxiliary differential variables is derived. According to auxiliary differential variables and Maxwell’s equations of CPML, the other relationship between field components and auxiliary differential variables is derived. Then the formulations of all orders of AH functions are obtained to calculate the magnetic field expansion coefficients. According to [7], the matrix equations of CPML, Berenger’s PML (BPML), and free space can be unified. At last, the electric field expansion coefficients can also be obtained, respectively. To validate the efficiency of the proposed method, a 2D case is calculated. And the efficiency of the proposed method is verified through the comparison with BPML and UPML ABCs.
2. Formulation
With free space, the frequency-domain Maxwell’s equations of CPML for 2D model case arewhere is the electric permittivity and is the magnetic permeability of free space; , . For CPML, and are assumed to be positive real and is real and ≥1.
An orthonormal set of basis functions can be defined aswhere are Hermite polynomials, , is a time-translating parameter, and is a time-scaling parameter. Choosing a finite order of basis functions [7] and proper parameters for and , and then using these transformed basis functions, the causal field components, taking for example, can be expanded as
The time derivative of the th order AH function is
According to (4), the first derivative of field components with respect to is [7]where .
Using ADE scheme [13, 14], four auxiliary differential variables are introduced:With the transition relationship from frequency domain to time domain, (6) can be written asApplying (3) and (5) to (10), the field functions in (10) can be expanded byMultiplying both sides by and integrating over , we getApplying the same above procedure with (7)–(9), we haveSimilar to [7, 8], we can rewrite (12)-(13) in a matrix form:whereEquation (14) can be rewritten in a new matrix form:Applying (6)–(9) to (1) and transferring from frequency domain to time domain, we haveApplying the same above procedure with (17), we havewhere
Using central difference scheme, substituting (16) into (18), grafting (18), and using , we have where , , , , , and and are the lengths of the cell edge where the electric fields are located. and are the distances between the center nodes where the magnetic fields are located. For the above subscripts for and in (20)–(22), is not a real position but an array index of each field variable, as shown in Figure 1 of [16].
In order to form the matrix equations only containing magnetic field, we apply (20)-(21) to (22): where is unit matrix.
From (23), only magnetic field vector variables remained. And it can also be found that each magnetic field variable is related to the four adjacent magnetic fields. If in (1), the final matrix equations of CPML will degrade to the matrix equations of free space in AH-FDTD method. If and in (1), the final matrix equations of CPML will degrade to the matrix equations of BPML in AH-FDTD method. So the matrix equations of CPML and BPML and free space can be unified. And this greatly facilitates the programming. Finally, a banded sparse coefficient matrix is obtained like [7], which contains all the points in free space and CPML ABC. And the paralleling-in-order solution scheme in [8] is applied to indirectly but efficiently calculate all of the expansion coefficients. If all of the expansion coefficients of the magnetic field are calculated, the expansion coefficients of the electric field can be obtained from (20)-(21). Finally, , , and can be reconstructed by using (3).
3. Numerical Demonstration
In order to validate the efficiency of the presented method, wave scatter from a PEC medium is simulated. The BPML, UPML, and CPML ABCs are used to truncate the FDTD domains. The PML constitutive parameters are scaled using th order polynomial scaling [17]:where indicates the distance from the dispersive medium-PML interface into the PML, is the depth of the PML, and is the order of polynomial.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the computational domain is truncated by 10 additional PML in -direction and -direction, respectively. And we choose = = = = 10 mm, = 12 mm, = 6 mm, = 10 mm, = 2 mm, = 2 mm, = 13 mm, and = 15 mm (in Figure 1), which results in a cells lattice with mm. For the PEC rectangle’s scatter, we choose = 16 mm, = 8 mm, and = 10 mm.
A sinusoidal-modulated Gaussian pulse is chosen as the -direction excitation source: where , , and GHz. The time duration of interest for the analyzed fields is chosen as ns and the bandwidth is limited up to the frequency GHz. We choose the order and the range of = 1.3 × 10−9 from the condition above. The time-translating parameter = 25 ns.
In order to compare the performance of the proposed CPML with that of BPML, a reference solution was also simulated with no reflection coming from the boundary. And the same mesh is extended by 100 cells in -direction and -direction, leading to a cells lattice. And the reference field is calculated using AH-FDTD method. The reflection error is calculated as follows:where is the field computed in the test domain and is the reference field.
In Figure 2, the waveform of electric field at points is graphed by reference field, BPML, UPML, and CPML. And it should be pointed out that parameters with different PML are different. Using (27), the reflection error is computed at the measurement point . In Figure 3, it is noted that the maximum relative error is −43 dB, −58 dB, and −70 dB for the BPML, UPML, and CPML, respectively. And it is obvious that, with the CFS factor, the CPML is superior to BPML and UPML [10]. In Figures 2 and 3, the computation time is much higher than the time-support of source wave. And late-time reflections of CPML are much lower than those of UPML and BPML. The CFL stability condition of this model is ps. The time step size for the proposed method is 23.3 ps. In Table 1, comparison of CPU resource for four methods is presented. In order to guarantee computation accuracy, the CPML [11, 18] is also adopted in WLP-FDTD and conventional FDTD method. The total memory storage for the proposed method is increased to 150.2 Mb, about 57.8 times of the conventional FDTD method and 3.8 times of WLP-FDTD method, while the total CPU time for the proposed method can be reduced to about 1.1% of the conventional FDTD method and 25.9% of WLP-FDTD method.
4. Conclusion
Using ADE scheme, the CPML for 2D AH-FDTD method has been presented in this paper. This method is free from CFL stability condition for it has eliminated the time variable in calculation. The final matrix equations of CPML and BPML and free space can be unified. By solving the banded sparse coefficient matrix, magnetic field expansion coefficients of all orders of AH functions can be obtained. Then the electric field expansion coefficients can also be obtained, respectively. Numerical results show that this implementation is very effective in absorbing the electromagnetic waves, which means that the proposed method can save more computation time and computer memory.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.