Time-Varying Ocean-Like Surface Scattering at Grazing Incidence: Numerical Analysis of Doppler Spectrum at HF/VHF/UHF Bands

<p>Doppler spectrum of Creamer waves in different sea states and different operating frequencies. The Doppler frequency is normalized by the Bragg frequency <span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.25202pt" id="M190" style="vertical-align:-3.29111pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 12.9627 9.25202" width="12.9627pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M615 290C615 392 563 448 529 448C511 448 491 441 484 434L483 425C518 400 546 349 546 273C546 158 504 46 417 46C381 46 356 77 356 142C356 184 380 293 392 334L387 340L307 323C305 288 296 228 287 188C265 94 221 52 180 52C144 52 112 89 112 171C112 278 164 372 241 430L226 454C106 394 23 288 23 155C23 40 79 -12 139 -12C184 -12 245 32 285 85C292 31 322 -12 376 -12C423 -12 470 18 501 45C570 104 615 184 615 290Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.969,3.132)"><path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></p>

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Figure 12

Figure 12: Time-Varying Ocean-Like Surface Scattering at Grazing Incidence: Numerical Analysis of Doppler Spectrum at HF/VHF/UHF Bands 