A Study of a Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array Based on a High-Impedance Surface Ground Plane

<div>Effect of <svg height="16.8411pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-5.0031pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.838 21.0164 16.8411" width="21.0164pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.475,-5.741)"><path d="M601 496C596 555 591 627 591 675H567C551 656 544 650 516 650H120C91 650 79 651 64 675H41C38 619 34 555 29 492H63C75 537 83 566 96 582C110 604 128 612 207 612H272V126C272 46 264 38 170 33V0H464V33C368 38 359 48 359 126V612H430C502 612 520 605 535 582C547 566 556 541 567 492L601 496Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.135,-5.741)"><path d="M871 0V33C783 41 780 45 777 152L768 506C765 610 771 609 860 617V650H683L453 157L228 650H59V617C150 609 154 606 146 481L132 275C124 170 117 125 112 93C105 50 84 39 27 34V0H267V34C200 39 176 48 173 93C170 130 171 172 176 256L190 540H192L414 8H438L682 554H685L689 152C689 45 686 41 604 33V0H871Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.149,3.784)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.581,3.784)"><path d="M98 134C72 134 46 117 46 90C46 73 55 65 60 64C95 55 124 32 124 -4C124 -42 95 -68 44 -89L57 -123C122 -104 194 -60 194 22C194 94 136 134 98 134Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.737,3.784)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g></svg> on active impedance in a small scanning angle range. The dashed line is the case where the reflection phase of <svg height="16.8411pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-5.0031pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.838 21.0164 16.8411" width="21.0164pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M475 507C475 612 440 712 326 712C139 712 23 420 23 215C23 96 58 -12 180 -12C369 -12 475 293 475 507ZM391 522C391 486 387 448 379 394H126C155 538 222 677 310 677C386 677 391 571 391 522ZM373 346C344 193 283 22 189 22C126 22 106 114 106 196C106 243 111 293 118 346H373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.475,-5.741)"><path d="M601 496C596 555 591 627 591 675H567C551 656 544 650 516 650H120C91 650 79 651 64 675H41C38 619 34 555 29 492H63C75 537 83 566 96 582C110 604 128 612 207 612H272V126C272 46 264 38 170 33V0H464V33C368 38 359 48 359 126V612H430C502 612 520 605 535 582C547 566 556 541 567 492L601 496Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.135,-5.741)"><path d="M871 0V33C783 41 780 45 777 152L768 506C765 610 771 609 860 617V650H683L453 157L228 650H59V617C150 609 154 606 146 481L132 275C124 170 117 125 112 93C105 50 84 39 27 34V0H267V34C200 39 176 48 173 93C170 130 171 172 176 256L190 540H192L414 8H438L682 554H685L689 152C689 45 686 41 604 33V0H871Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.149,3.784)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.581,3.784)"><path d="M98 134C72 134 46 117 46 90C46 73 55 65 60 64C95 55 124 32 124 -4C124 -42 95 -68 44 -89L57 -123C122 -104 194 -60 194 22C194 94 136 134 98 134Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.737,3.784)"><path d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"></path></g></svg> is a constant, while the solid lines are the same as the results of the dashed lines in Figure <a href="../fig2/">2</a>.</div>

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

fig7

Figure 7

Figure 7: A Study of a Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array Based on a High-Impedance Surface Ground Plane 