A Review of Water Isotopes in Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Figure 7

Schematic depiction of the third-generation isotope scheme describing the cloud microphysics for isotopes used in CAM3. It includes detailed exchanges between in-cloud properties and the environment and accounts for multiple microphysical moments and transport processes. The letter α stands for the fractionation factor during a phase transition and is equal to , where and are the current and initial isotope ratios in the cloud vapor, respectively. This figure is adapted from Noone and Sturm [3].