Measurement Main operator Relevant datasets Precision Time period References GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) IAEA/WMO D, , and tritium content ±0.8 for δ D and ±0.1 for From 1961 onwards Dansgaard [5 ] Rozanski et al. [36 ] MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) The Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK)-Atmospheric Trace Gases and Remote Sensing (ASF) Total-column D 10~25 From 1996 onwards Schneider et al. [38 ] NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Total-column D <10 From 1991 onwards Schneider et al. [38 ] TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) Caltech (California Institute of Technology) Total-column D 5~22 From 2004 onwards (varies among stations) Wunch et al. [37 ] ACE (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment) CSA (Canadian Space Agency) DNA From 2004 onwards Bernath et al. [60 ] GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Total-column D 20~40 June 2009 to September 2011 Frankenberg et al. [61 ] IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) D in troposphere~37 From 2007 onwards Herbin et al. [62 ] IMG (Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse gases) JAROS (Japan Resources Observation System Organization) Total-column D 20~170 1996 to 1997 Zakharov et al. [63 ] MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) ESA (European Space Agency) D in stratosphere36~111 June 2002 to March 2004 Steinwagner et al. [64 ] Payne et al. [65 ] SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) ESA Column-averaged D 40~100 2003 to 2005 (more data is in processing) Frankenberg et al. [39 ] TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Total-column D ~10 From 2004 onwards Worden et al. [40 ] Worden et al. [66 ]