Review Article
Diet across the Lifespan and the Association with Breast Density in Adulthood
Table 11
Summary of nutrient relationships with breast density and their proposed mechanisms.
| Nutrients that are associated with a ↓ in breast density (absolute density or % breast density) | Premenopausal women: ↑intakes of: | Mechanism of action (i.e., IGF/IGFBP/E2/ROS) |
| Calcium | May ameliorate IGF action and enhances IGFBP action, ↑IGF (?) | Vitamin D | May ameliorate IGF action and enhances IGFBP action, breast tissue may be able to locally synthesis 25(OH)D→1,25(OH)2D | SFA (?) | (?) | Total dairy | ↑IGF, ↑IGFBP, vitamin D and calcium may negate these effects (VD and Ca have stronger effects when IGF/IGFBP are high) | Cheese consumption | ↑IGF, ↑IGFBP, vitamin D and calcium may negate these effects (VD and Ca have stronger effects when IGF/IGFBP are high) | Carbohydrate (?) | ↑IGF (need to distinguish between whole v. refined, many studies do not do this) | Red Wine | ↓Oxidative stress (?) | MUFA | ↓Oxidative stress (?) | Carotenoids | ↓Oxidative stress (?), ↑IGFBP | Fiber | ↓Oxidative stress (?), may ↑SHBG, ↑IGFBP |
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SFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; n-6 FA: omega-6 fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; MVMM: multivitamin/multimineral supplements; IGF: insulin growth factor; IGFBP: insulin growth factor binding proteins; SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin; VD: vitamin d; Ca: calcium.
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