Pharmacological Properties to Pharmacological Insight of Sesamin in Breast Cancer Treatment: A Literature-Based Review Study

Table 2

Summary of the mechanisms of action of sesamin in in vitro breast cancer models.

Sesamin/metabolites	Type of study; In vitro and in vivo	Dose	Molecular mechanism	Molecular target	Ref
Sesamin	In vitro; MDA-MB 232 and MCF-7	0-200 μM	↓Cell proliferation; ↓Migration	↓PDL-1 (both mRNA and protein) expression; ↓P13K/AKT,NF-κB, ERK, and JAK/stat signaling; ↓MMP-9 and MMP-2; ↑Cell cycle arrest at the G1phase; ↑PUMA and Bax	[69]
	In vitro; MCF-7	0-100 μM	↓Cell proliferation; ↑Growth inhibition	↑G1 cell cycle arrest; ↓Cyclin D1 protein; ↑RB disphosphorylation	[73]
	In vitro; MDA-MB 232 and MCF-7	51.1 μM	↓Cell proliferation; ↓Metastasis; ↓Angiogenesis	↓Growth factor receptor; ↓EGFR, HER2, and pMAPK expression; ↓NF-κB activation; ↓IκBα protein kinase; ↓Bcl-2 and survivin; ↓MMP-9, VGEF, and ICAM-1	[74]
	In vitro; MDA-MB 232 and MCF-7	98.57 μM	↑Cell cytotoxicity; ↓Cell viability	Not mentioned	[76]
	In vitro; MCF-7	25-100 μM	↓Cell proliferation	↓TNF-α and IKK	[82]
	In vitro and in vivo; MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and T-47D	0-50 μM	↑Synergistic activity; ↑Apoptosis	↓Overexpress of ABCB1 and ABCB5	[75]
	In vitro; MCF-7	50 μM	↓Cell viability; ↑Apoptosis; ↓Cell proliferation	↑G1 phase arrest, and CDK2; ↑Bax, caspase3, p^53, and p^21; ↑LDH release	[77]
	In vitro; MDA-MB 232 and MCF-7	50 μM	↓Angiogenesis; ↓Macrophage-induced proangiogenic activity	↓Macrophage-induced VEGF; ↓MMP-9; ↓ERK, JNK, PI3K, and NF-κB; ↓Cyclin D1; ↓Akt, HIF-1α, NF-κB, and p38MAPK	[78]
	In vitro; (MCF-7)	50 μM	↓Cell growth; ↓Cell viability	↑pS2 expression and progesterone receptor gene; ↓ERE activation	[63]
	In vitro; +SA mammary epithelial cell and MCF-7	60-120 μM	↓Cell growth; ↓Cell proliferation ↓Angiogenesis	↓EGF-induced ErbB3; ↓MEK1/2, ERK1/2, P13K, PDK1, Akt, p-NF-κB, Jak1, Jak2, and Stat	[77]
Enterolactone	In vitro; MDA-MB-231	25-75 μM	↑Anticancer activity; ↓Migration	↓MMP-2 and MMP-9; ↑TIMP-1 and TIMP-2	[24]
	In vitro; MDA-MB 231		↓Cell growth	↑S phage arrest; ↓Cyclin E1, A2, B1, and B2 expressions	[80]
	In vitro; MDA-MB-231	10 ng/ml	↑Anticancer mechanism	↓ERK/NF-κB; ↓MAPK-p38; ↓CD44; ↑E-cadherin, occluding	[81]
Enterodiol	In vitro; MCF-7		↓Cell migration; ↓Cell proliferation	↓MMP-2 and MMP-9	[72]