Dynamics and Conservation Management of a Wooded Landscape under High Herbivore Pressure

Table 1

Ecological characteristics for the tree and shrub species encountered in the New Forest study area, which were included in model simulations.

Name	Long	Mat	ShT	FiT	EffSD	MaxSD	VRP	Min VRP	Max VRP	P-FiR	BP
											DB1	DB2	DB3	PB	DB1
Abies grandis	300	20	4	1	60	120	0	0	0	None	Y				Y
Acer campestre	200	10	3	1	80	120	1	10	120	None		Y		Y
Acer pseudoplatanus	150	12	4	1	120	400	1	10	100	None	Y			Y	Y
Alnus glutinosa	250	12	3	1	120	200	1	10	200	None		Y		Y
Betula pendula	160	18	2	1	200	1600	1	10	120	None		Y		Y
Calluna vulgaris	30	1	1	1	100	250	1	0	30	Resprout	Y			Y	Y
Carpinus betulus	250	20	4	1	90	130	1	10	150	None		Y		Y
Castanea sativa	300	35	3	1	300	700	1	10	250	None		Y		Y
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana	200	20	3	1	80	120	0	0	0	None			Y
Corylus avellana	80	10	4	1	300	700	1	10	80	None	Y			Y	Y
Crataegus monogyna	150	4	2	1	300	700	1	10	100	None
Fagus sylvatica	500	55	5	1	300	700	1	10	300	None		Y		Y
Frangula alnus	80	3	2	2	300	700	1	10	30	None	Y			Y	Y
Fraxinus excelsior	200	17	3	1	90	120	1	10	200	None	Y			Y	Y
Ilex aquifolium	300	10	3	1	300	700	1	10	300	None			Y	Y
Larix decidua	200	20	2	1	120	400	0	0	0	None		Y
Malus sylvestris	130	8	2	1	300	700	1	10	100	None		Y		Y
Picea abies	300	40	2	1	100	120	0	0	0	None			Y
Picea sitchensis	300	22	2	1	100	120	0	0	0	None			Y
Pinus nigra	350	22	2	1	100	150	0	0	0	None			Y
Pinus ponderosa	300	7	2	1	100	150	0	0	0	None			Y
Pinus sylvestris	300	12	2	1	100	1000	0	0	0	None		Y
Populus alba	250	7	2	1	500	1600	1	10	250	None	Y			Y	Y
Prunus spinosa	60	4	2	1	300	700	1	10	60	None
Pseudotsuga menziesii	400	12	2	3	120	380	0	0	0	None		Y
Quercus robur	500	60	2	1	300	700	1	10	400	None	Y			Y	Y
Quercus rubra	200	22	4	3	300	700	0	0	0	None	Y			Y	Y
Salix cinerea	90	35	2	1	1000	1600	1	10	70	None	Y			Y	Y
Sorbus aria	150	6	2	1	300	700	0	0	0	None	Y			Y	Y
Sorbus aucuparia	100	15	2	1	300	700	1	10	100	None	Y			Y	Y
Sorbus torminalis	100	13	4	1	300	700	1	10	100	None	Y			Y	Y
Taxus baccata	3000	20	4	1	300	700	0	0	0	None			Y
Tsuga heterophylla	400	15	2	1	120	160	0	0	0	None			Y
Ulex europea	40	2	1	1	1	700	1	0	40	Resprout
Viburnum opulus	50	5	2	1	300	700	1	10	40	None	Y			Y	Y

Long: longevity (years); Mat: age of sexual maturity (years); ShT: shade tolerance (1–5); FiT: fire tolerance (1–5); EffSD: effective seed dispersal distance (m); MaxSD: maximum seed dispersal distance (m); VRP: vegetative reproduction probability (0-1); MinVRP: minimum age of vegetative reproduction (years); MaxVRP: maximum age of vegetative reproduction (years); P-FiR: postfire regeneration form (none, resprouting, or serotiny). Principal literature sources included [39, 40, 51, 53–58]. BP refers to browsing preference; in these simulations, those species indicated with a “Y” were considered to be of either high (DB1), moderate (DB2), or low (DB3) preference by deer. PB indicates whether the species were browsed by ponies (Y) or not in the scenarios where browsing was included. These groups were identified by reference to the available literature [14, 32, 59–65].