Changing Land Use Patterns and Their Impacts on Wild Ungulates in Kimana Wetland Ecosystem, Kenya

Table 5

Characteristics of interviewee opinions in regard to land use changes and their effects on wild ungulates.

Information sought	Responses from respondents	Number of respondents; ( = 200)	Chi square goodness of fit; df; value
Gender	Male	147	= 44.180, df = 1, = 0.000
	Female	53
Age	18–35	77	= 7.090, df = 2, = 0.029
	36–50	74
	Above 51	49
Level of education	None	45	= 26.520, df = 3, = 0.000
	Primary	74
	Secondary	57
	Tertiary	24
Source of livelihood	Crop farming	78	= 123.400, df = 6, = 0.000
	Livestock	35
	Rural self-employed	15
	Urban self-employed	15
	Wage employment	6
	Crop farming and livestock	34
	Livestock and wildlife	17
Length of stay	<5 yrs	33	= 60.700, df = 4, = 0.000
	5.1–10 yrs	36
	10.1–15 yrs	83
	15.1–20 yrs	23
	Above 20.1 yrs	25
Individual size of land	<2.5 Acres	80	= 112.650, df = 4, = 0.000
	2.5–5 Acres	73
	5.1–7.5 Acres	20
	7.6–10 Acres	16
	Above 10.1 Acres	11
Current land use	Crop farming	88	= 76.450, df = 4, = 0.000
	Livestock	35
	Wildlife	18
	Commercial	33
	Crop farming and livestock	26
Has the land use been changing over the years?	Yes	180	= 128.000, df = 1, = 0.000
	No	20
Has LUC affected wild ungulates?	Yes	178	= 115.520, df = 1, = 0.000
	No	22
Distance of the individual homestead from protected areas	0-5 km	89	= 85.050, df = 4, = 0.000
	5.1–10 km	19
	10.1–15 km	20
	15.1–20 km	44
	Over 20.1	28
Causes of land use change	Agricultural expansion	63	= 129.760, df = 7, = 0.000
	Economic forces	26
	Politics	21
	Changing land tenure policy	21
	Human population increase	51
	Drought	8
	Poverty	6
	Education level	4
Is there HWC?	Yes	190	= 162.000, df = 1, = 0.000
	No	10
Forms of HWC	Crop destruction	88	= 141.820, df = 5, = 0.000
	Livestock predation	50
	Human injuries	17
	Death of human being	26
	Road kills	11
	Competition for food	8
Period of the year when the conflicts are severe	January–March	41	= 59.320, df = 3, = 0.000
	April–June	25
	July–September	96
	October–December	38