International Journal of Biomedical Imaging
Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID 806705, 11 pages
doi:10.1155/2008/806705
Research Article

Scatter and Blurring Compensation in Inhomogeneous Media Using a Postprocessing Method

Department of Radiology, Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, University of Utah, 729 Arapeen Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA

Received 24 April 2008; Revised 22 September 2008; Accepted 16 December 2008

Academic Editor: Haim Azhari

Copyright © 2008 Yan Yan and Gengsheng L. Zeng. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. F. J. Beekman, H. W. A. M de Jong, and S. van Geloven, “Efficient fully 3-D iterative SPECT reconstruction with Monte Carlo-based scatter compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 867–877, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  2. S. Sankaran, E. C. Frey, K. L. Gilland, and B. M. W. Tsui, “Optimum compensation method and filter cutoff frequency in myocardial SPECT: a human observer study,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 432–438, 2002.
  3. M. V. Narayanan, M. A. King, P. H. Pretorius, et al., “Human-observer receiver-operating-characteristic evaluation of attenuation, scatter, and resolution compensation strategies for 99mTC myocardial perfusion imaging,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 1725–1734, 2003.
  4. M. V. Narayanan, P. H. Pretorius, S. T. Dahlberg, et al., “Evaluation of scatter compensation strategies and their impact on human detection performance Tc-99 m myocardial perfusion imaging,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 50, no. 5, part 2, pp. 1522–1527, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  5. X. He, E. C. Frey, J. M. Links, K. L. Gilland, W. P. Segars, and B. M. W. Tsui, “A mathematical observer study for the evaluation and optimization of compensation methods for myocardial SPECT using a phantom population that realistically models patient variability,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 51, no. 1, part 1, pp. 218–224, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  6. H. Zaidi and K. F. Koral, “Scatter modelling and compensation in emission tomography,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 761–782, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  7. C. E. Floyd, Jr., R. J. Jaszczak, S. H. Manglos, and R. E. Coleman, “Compensation for collimator divergence in SPECT using inverse Monte Carlo reconstruction,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 35, no. 1, part 1-2, pp. 784–787, 1988. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  8. B. M. W. Tsui, H.-B. Hu, D. R. Gilland, and G. T. Gullberg, “Implementation of simultaneous attenuation and detector response correction in SPECT,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 35, no. 1, part 1-2, pp. 778–783, 1988. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  9. E. C. Frey and B. M. W. Tsui, “A practical method for incorporating scatter in a projector-backprojector for accurate scatter compensation in SPECT,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 40, no. 4, part 1-2, pp. 1107–1116, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  10. E. C. Frey and B. M. W. Tsui, “Modeling the scatter response function in inhomogeneous scattering media for SPECT,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 41, no. 4, part 1-2, pp. 1585–1593, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  11. E. C. Frey and B. M. W. Tsui, “A new method for modeling the spatially-variant, object-dependent scatter response function in SPECT,” in Proceedings of IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 1082–1086, Anaheim, Calif, USA, November 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  12. B. C. Penney, M. A. King, and K. Knesaurek, “A projector, backprojector pair which accounts for the two-dimensional depth and distance dependent blurring in SPECT,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 37, no. 2, part 1, pp. 681–686, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  13. F. J. Beekman, E. G. J. Eijkman, M. A. Viergever, G. F. Borm, and E. T. P. Slijpen, “Object shape dependent PSF model for SPECT imaging,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 31–39, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  14. G. L. Zeng, G. T. Gullberg, B. M. W. Tsui, and J. A. Terry, “Three-dimensional iterative reconstruction algorithms with attenuation and geometric point response correction,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 38, no. 2, part 1-2, pp. 693–702, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  15. A. Welch, G. T. Gullberg, P. E. Christian, F. L. Datz, and H. T. Morgan, “A transmission-map-based scatter correction technique for SPECT in inhomogeneous media,” Medical Physics, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1627–1635, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  16. A. Welch and G. T. Gullberg, “Implementation of a model-based nonuniform scatter correction scheme for SPECT,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 717–726, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  17. D. J. Kadrmas, E. C. Frey, S. S. Karimi, and B. M. W. Tsui, “Fast implementations of reconstruction-based scatter compensation in fully 3D SPECT image reconstruction,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 857–873, 1998.
  18. R. G. Wells, A. Celler, and R. Harrop, “Analytical calculation of photon distributions in SPECT projections,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 45, no. 6, part 3, pp. 3202–3214, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  19. C. Bai, G. L. Zeng, and G. T. Gullberg, “A slice-by-slice blurring model and kernel evaluation using the Klein- Nishina formula for 3D scatter compensation in parallel and converging beam SPECT,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1275–1307, 2000.
  20. H. W. A. M. De Jong, E. T. P. Slijpen, and F. J. Beekman, “Acceleration of Monte Carlo SPECT simulation using convolution-based forced detection,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 48, no. 1, part 1, pp. 58–64, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  21. R. M. Lewitt, P. R. Edholm, and W. Xia, “Fourier method for correction of depth-dependent collimator blurring,” in Medical Imaging III: Image Processing, vol. 1092 of Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 232–243, Newport Beach, Calif, USA, January-February 1989.
  22. W. G. Hawkins, N.-C. Yang, and P. K. Leichner, “Validation of the circular harmonic transform (CHT) algorithm for quantitative SPECT,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 141–150, 1991.
  23. S. J. Glick, B. C. Penney, M. A. King, and C. L. Byrne, “Noniterative compensation for the distance-dependent detector response and photon attenuation in SPECT imaging,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 363–374, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  24. W. Xia, R. M. Lewitt, and P. R. Edholm, “Fourier correction for spatially variant collimator blurring in SPECT,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 100–115, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  25. R. J. Jaszczak, K. L. Greer, C. E. Floyd, Jr., C. C. Harris, and R. E. Coleman, “Improved SPECT quantification using compensation for scattered photons,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 893–900, 1984.
  26. M. A. King, G. J. Hademenos, and S. J. Glick, “A dual-photopeak window method for scatter correction,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 605–612, 1992.
  27. K. Ogawa, T. Ichihara, and A. Kubo, “Accurate scatter correction in single photon emission CT,” Annals Nuclear Medicine and Sciences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 145–150, 1994.
  28. Y. Yan and G. L. Zeng, “A post-processing method for scatter compensation in SPECT,” in Proceedings of the International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, pp. 186–189, Lindau, Germany, July 2007.
  29. H. Zaidi, “Relevance of accurate Monte Carlo modeling in nuclear medical imaging,” Medical Physics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 574–608, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  30. I. Buvat and I. Castiglioni, “Monte Carlo simulations in SPET and PET,” Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 48–61, 2002.
  31. R. L. Harrison, S. D. Vannoy, D. R. Haynor, S. B. Gillispie, M. S. Kaplan, and T. K. Lewellen, “Preliminary experience with the photon history generator module of a public-domain simulation system for emission tomography,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC '93), pp. 1154–1158, San Francisco, Calif, USA, October-November 1993.
  32. W. P. Segars, Development of a new dynamic NURBS-based cardiactorso (NCAT) phantom, Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 2001.
  33. F. Natterer, “An inversion of the attenuated Radon transform,” Inverse Problems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 113–119, 2001.
  34. R. G. Novikov, “An inversion formula for the attenuated X-ray transformation,” Arkiv for Matematik, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 145–167, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at MathSciNet
  35. H. Zaidi and K. F. Koral, “Scatter modeling and compensation in emission tomography,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 761–782, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at MathSciNet
  36. Q. Huang, G. L. Zeng, J. You, and G. T. Gullberg, “An FDK-like cone-beam SPECT reconstruction algorithm for non-uniform attenuated projections acquired using a circular trajectory,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2329–2339, 2005.
  37. L. A. Shepp and Y. Vardi, “Maximum likelihood reconstruction for emission tomography,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 113–122, 1982. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  38. K. Lange and R. Carson, “EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography,” Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 306–316, 1984.
  39. G. T. Gullberg, R. H. Huesman, J. A. Malko, N. J. Pelc, and T. F. Budinger, “An attenuated projector-backprojector for iterative SPECT reconstruction,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 799–816, 1985. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  40. Y. Yan and G. L. Zeng, “A post-processing method for scatter and collimator blurring compensation using spatially variant point spread function,” in Proceedings of IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC '06), San Diego, Calif, USA, October-November 2006.
  41. O. Klein and T. Nishina, “Über die Streuung von Strahlung durch freie Elektronen nach der neuen relativistischen Quantendynamik von Dirac,” Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, vol. 52, no. 11-12, pp. 853–868, 1929. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  42. G. L. Zeng and Q. Huang, “Compensation for collimator blurring using rotational and axial convolution,” in Proceedings of the International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, pp. 329–332, Lindau, Germany, July 2007.
  43. H. W. A. M. de Jong, E. T. P. Slijpen, and F. J. Beekman, “Acceleration of Monte Carlo SPECT simulation using convolution-based forced detection,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 48, no. 1, part 1, pp. 58–64, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar