Research Article

Effects of a Pseudophysiological Environment on the Elastic and Viscoelastic Properties of Collagen Gels

Table 1

Example of various environments of mechanical characterization of collagen materials and tissues encountered in the literature [814].

AuthorMaterialsExperimentsPreconditioning/testing

Cornwell et al. [9]Extruded type I collagen(i) Uniaxial tensile tests(i) Tests in air at RT
(ii) No mechanical preconditioning
(iii) , rate: 0.83% s−1 (tensile tests)

Yang et al. [10]Porcine esophagi(i) Incremental stress relaxation tests(i) Tests in air at RT
(ii) No mechanical preconditioning
(ii) Incremental cyclic tests(iii) Rate: 0.83 mm/s
(iv) Holding time: 300 s (relaxation tests)

Roeder et al. [8]Type I collagen gels (0.3–3 mg/mL)(i) Uniaxial tensile tests on dumbbell-shape samples(i) Tests in a bath containing PBS at 37°C
(ii) No mechanical preconditioning
(iii) , rate: 0.6% s−1 (tensile tests)

Feng et al. [11]Type I collagen gels (1.67 mg/mL + 106 cells/mL)(i) Uniaxial tensile tests(i) Tests in a bath containing medium culture at RT
(ii) Stress relaxation tests(ii)  kPa, rate: at 0.9% s−1 ( , mechanical preconditioning)
(iii) Creep tests(iii) Holding time: 70 s (relaxation tests)
(iv) , rate: 0.9% s−1 (tensile tests)

Berglund et al. [12]Type I collagen gels (2 mg/mL)(i) Uniaxial tensile tests(i) Tests in air at RT
(ii) Stepwise stress relaxation tests(ii) when ; rate: 0.2 mm/s ( , mechanical preconditioning)
(iii) Creep tests(iii) , rate: 0.2 mm/s (tensile tests)

Assoul et al. [13]Rat arteries(i) Tensile tests on ring- and rectangular-shaped samples(i) Tests in a bath containing PBS at 37°C
(ii) No mechanical preconditioning
(iii)   0.8–0.57, duration of the tests: 0.13–1 s (tensile tests consisting in one loading and one unloading)

Chan et al. [14]Collagen membranes(i) Uniaxial tensile tests(i) Tests in air at RT
(ii) No preconditioning
(iii) , rate: 0.083 mm/s (tensile test)

RT: room temperature; : maximal stress reached; : stress at rupture; : strain at rupture, : maximal strain reached.