Preparation Methods for Improving PEEK’s Bioactivity for Orthopedic and Dental Application: A Review

Table 1

Deposited functional groups on PEEK via wet chemical deposition.

Functional group	Results
–ONa	Enhancement of wettability [31].; Enhancement of apatite formation [34].
–OH	Enhancement of wettability [31].; Disable to graft to Fibronectin [32].
–F	Enhancement of wettability [31].
–OH(CFCl3)	Enhancement of wettability [31].
Amine	Improvement of cellular adhesion and growth [28].
Carboxyl	Improvement of cellular adhesion and growth [28].
–NH2	Disable to graft to Fibronectin [32].
–NCO	Fibronectin covalently grafted to PEEK-NCO [32].
Fibronectin grafting	Enhancement of adhesion and spreading of Caco-2 cells in the absence of serum in comparison with PEEK substrates, which were simply coated with FN [33].
–SO3H	Producing 3D nanostructured treated layer.; In vitro (cell culture and apatite formation) and in vivo study showed enhancement of bioactivity [22].