Novel Nanotechnology of TiO2 Improves Physical-Chemical and Biological Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement
Table 2
Mean values for fluoride release (ppm F-) over time in demineralizing (DE) and remineralizing (RE) solutions for the experimental groups.
Experimental groups
Time (days)
1
2
3
5
7
9
12
15
DE solution
Control (KM)
0.198 ± 0.05 Ba
0.156 ± 0.04 Bab
0.145 ± 0.05 Aabc
0.141 ± 0.05 Abc
0.141 ± 0.05 Bbc
0.124 ± 0.04 Ac
0.159 ± 0.04 Aabc
0.165 ± 0.07 Aab
KM + 3% TiO2
0.298 ± 0.07 Aa
0.233 ± 0.06 ABab
0.199 ± 0.03 Aabc
0.179 ± 0.02 Abc
0.179 ± 0.03 ABbc
0.158 ± 0.03 Ac
0.168 ± 0.04 Ac
0.172 ± 0.04 Abc
KM + 5% TiO2
0.292 ± 0.08 Aa
0.256 ± 0.08 Aab
0.197 ± 0.06 Aabc
0.187 ± 0.05 Ab
0.212 ± 0.06 Aabc
0.155 ± 0.05 Ac
0.213 ± 0.04 Ac
0.213 ± 0.04 Ac
KM + 7% TiO2
0.311 ± 0.08 Aa
0.249 ± 0.09 ABab
0.191 ± 0.05 Aab
0.181 ± 0.05 Abc
0.168 ± 0.05 ABbc
0.154 ± 0.04 Ac
0.171 ± 0.04 Abc
0.164 ± 0.06 Abc
RE solution
Control (KM)
0.049 ± 0.01 Aa
0.03 ± 0.01 Bb
0.033 ± 0.01 Aab
0.027 ± 0.01 Bb
0.030 ± 0.01 Bb
0.032 ± 0.01 Bab
0.031 ± 0.01 Bb
0.031 ± 0.01 Bab
KM + 3% TiO2
0.041 ± 0.01 Ba
0.029 ± 0.01 Bb
0.037 ± 0.01 Aab
0.036 ± 0.01 ABab
0.033 ± 0.01 ABab
0.037 ± 0.01 ABab
0.034 ± 0.01 ABab
0.039 ± 0.01 ABab
KM + 5% TiO2
0.037 ± 0.01 Bab
0.035 ± 0.02 ABb
0.036 ± 0.03 Ab
0.04 ± 0.01 Aab
0.038 ± 0.01 ABb
0.042 ± 0.01 Aab
0.037 ± 0.01 Ab
0.047 ± 0.01 Aa
KM + 7% TiO2
0.067 ± 0.02 Aa
0.047 ± 0.02 Aa
0.043 ± 0.00 Bb
0.041 ± 0.01 Aab
0.039 ± 0.01 Ab
0.044 ± 0.01 Aa
0.045 ± 0.02 Aa
0.044 ± 0.02 Aa
Different uppercase letters in columns indicate intergroup differences by the Kruskal-Wallis test (). Different lowercase letters indicate intragroup difference by the Friedman test ().
