Novel Insights into the Interplay between Apoptosis and Autophagy

Table 1

Proautophagics.

Class (target)	Compounds	Autophagic mechanisms	Reference
Beclin 1	ABT-737; Fenretinide; Xestospongin B; Okadaic acid	Disruption of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL binding to Beclin 1; Increase in Beclin 1 expression; Disruption of the complex formed by IP3R and Beclin 1; Increase in Beclin 1 pathways	[52]; [53]; [54]; [55]
DNA damage	UV; ROS; Camptothecin	p53 activation; PTEN upregulation; mTOR suppression	[56]
ER stressors	A23187; Thapsigargin; Tunicamycin; Brefeldin A; Bortezomib; Sorafenib	GRP78 induction; Increase of Ca^2+ in cytosol; PERK/elF2α pathway; Induction of GRP78 and GRP94; Unfolded protein response; Inhibition of mTOR signaling	[57]; [58]; [59]
Farnesyltransferase inhibitors	Manumycin A; FTI-276; Lonafarnib	Akt downregulation and mTOR phosphorylation	[60]
Golgi-associated agents	Brefeldin A; Paclitaxel	Interruption of trafficking of N-linked glycoproteins; Fragmentation of Golgi apparatus	[61]; [62]
HDAC inhibitors	SAHA; Valproic acid; FK228	Downregulation of Akt and mTOR activity; Increase in mitochondrial ROS; Nuclear translocation of AIF	[63]; [64]; [65]; [66]
Mitochondrial agents	Selenite; Resveratrol	Degradation of mitochondrial proteins; Inhibition of mitochondrial function	[7]; [67]
mTOR inhibitors	Rapamycin; Berberine; Torin1; Ku-0063794; PM02734	mTORC1 inhibition; Akt suppression and p38 MAPK upregulation; Inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2; Dephosphorylation of mTORC1 substrate 4E-BP1; DAPK activation	[68]; [69]; [70]; [71]; [72]
Pathogens	Bacteria; HSV-1	Ubiquitin-p62-NDP52 pathway; PKR and eIF2α activation	[73]; [74]
Proteasome inhibitors	MG-132; Glidobactin A	ER stress induced by misfolded proteins; Catalytic subunits of 20S proteasome	[75]; [76]