Novel Insights into the Interplay between Apoptosis and Autophagy

Table 2

Antiautophagics.

Class (target)	Compounds	Antiautophagic mechanisms	Reference
Atg proteins	Calpain-1, -2; Caspase-3, -6, -8	Defect in autophagic process and apoptotic enhancement	[77]
Autophagosome formation	Verteporfin; 3-Methyladenine	Inhibition of autophagic degradationInhibition of class III PI3K activity	[78]; [79]
Bcl-2 family	Bcl-2/Bcl-xL	Inhibitory interaction with Beclin 1	[80]; [41]
Beclin 1	Metformin	Decrease in Beclin 1 expression and AMPK activation	[81]
Chemokines	CCL2	Survivin upregulation	[82]
Golgi-associated agents	Monensin; Nocodazole	Dilatation of Golgi apparatus; Disconnection of Golgi stacks and dispersal into fragments	[83]; [84]
Heat shock proteins	Geldanamycin; PES	Promotion of Beclin 1 degradation; Impairment of the autophagy-lysosome system	[85]; [86]
Lysosomal function	Bafilomycin A1; Lucanthone; Chloroquine	Prevention of fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes; Lysosomal membrane permeabilization; Blocking of lysosyme acidification	[87]; [88]; [89]
Small regulatory RNAs	Beclin 1; Lamp-2; mi-30a	Potentiation of apoptotic death, autophagosome degradation Impairment of autolysosome formation; Beclin 1 translational suppression	[90]; [91]; [92]